Namuhla sizokhuluma ngesinye isitshalo samandla enuzi saseSpain esinokubaluleka okukhulu emkhakheni wezamandla. Ingabe mayelana Isikhungo samandla enuzi sase-Almaraz. Itholakala kumasipala wase-Almaraz de Tajo (Cáceres). Amasimu lapho etholakala khona anendawo engamahektha ayi-1683 futhi atholakala hhayi kuphela kumasipala wase-Almaraz, kodwa futhi ayingxenye yeSaucedilla, iSerrejón neRomangordo. Le ndawo yakhethwa ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo ngoba inezici ezinhle kakhulu ze-seismotectonic, geological, climatological kanye ne-hydrological.
Kule ndatshana sizohlaziya kahle isitshalo samandla enuzi i-Almaraz. Uma wesaba amandla enuzi futhi ufuna ukwazi kangcono ukuthi izikhungo zamandla enuzi zisebenza kanjani, nakhu okuthunyelwe kwakho 🙂
Ukufakwa kwesikhungo samandla enuzi i-Almaraz
Lesi sitshalo samandla enuzi sinezikhungo zamanzi ezikhanyayo ezishisayo ezine-2947 MW. Ngamunye wabo unamasekethe amathathu okupholisa. Ekwakhiweni nasekwakheni kwayo kukhona umnikelo waseSpain kuma-80%. Umsebenzi wayo ulawulwa yi Umkhandlu Wokuphepha Kwenuzi (CSN).
Iziphenduli ezimbili zamanzi akhanyayo zisebenzisa i-uranium oxide ecebe kancane njengophethiloli. Lokhu kwenza amandla ayo kagesi zingu-1.049,43 MW no-1.044,45 MW, ngokulandelana. Isikhungo samandla enuzi siphethwe ama-53% yi-Iberdrola Generación Nuclear, i-SAU, i-Endesa Generación, i-SAU ingama-36% futhi yiGesi Natural Fenosa Generación, SLU ngo-11%.
Amasekethe okupholisa aqukethwe kwizindawo zokubamba ezilungiselelwe esakhiweni ngasinye sikaphenduli. Umusi ovela kuma-generator uqhutshelwa esakhiweni se-turbine esihlala womabili ama-turbo-group egumbini elilodwa, kodwa ngokuzimela.
Ukufakwa kokupholisa kuvamile kuzo zombili ukufaka kusuka kumthombo obandayo. Ukuze kupholiswe ophendulayo futhi kungashisi ngokweqile ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesikhungo samandla enuzi, idamu lase-Arrocampo selakhiwe. Leli chibi lenzelwe kuphela ukupholisa isizinda samandla enuzi.
Ukwenza ukushisa nophethiloli
Isikhungo samandla enuzi i-Almaraz siyakwazi ukulayisha kusiphenduli sayo cishe amathani angama-72 e-uranium oxide ahlanganiswe ne-Uranium 235. Lokhu kwenziwa ngesilinganiso esingu-4,5% ukusika kahle ama-reagents.
Uphethiloli ungabonakala ngesimo samaphilisi angama-cylindrical angaba ngu-8,1mm ububanzi nangu-9,8mm ubude. Zibekwe ngensimbi amashubhu e-zircaloy alloy ngaphezu kwamamitha ama-4 ubude no-10 mm ububanzi. La mahubhu abuye aqoqwe ngezinqwaba zamayunithi angama-289. Zibizwa ngokuthi izakhi kaphethiloli futhi zenzelwe ukuthi amayunithi abe nezinduku zikaphethiloli. Abanye bangamashubhu nje ahlinzeka ngokuqina kwesakhiwo sezinsimbi zokulawula nokulawula.
Umkhumbi we-reactor uqukethe inani lama-elementi kaphethiloli ayi-157. Ukuze ukusabela kungapheli futhi kukhiqize amandla kagesi ngokuqhubekayo, ophendulayo kufanele avuselelwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokushintsha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezakhi zikaphethiloli.
Ukusinikeza umbono, usuku olulodwa lokukhiqiza kulesi sikhungo samandla enuzi lilingana nokusetshenziswa kwemiphongolo ka-oyela engama-68.000 esitshalweni sikaphethiloli esinamandla afanayo. Uma sikuqhathanisa ne- isitshalo esivamile samandla kagesi ashisayo esebenzisa amalahle njengophethiloli, amathani awo ayi-14.000 azosetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Ngale ndlela, isitshalo samandla enuzi sase-Almaraz igwema ukukhishwa kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-48 e-CO2 emkhathini. Lokhu kwehliswa kubonga ukufudumala komhlaba kanye nemiphumela emibi yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni.
Uketshezi nokukhiqizwa kwesitimu
Ukukhiqiza umusi odingekayo ukushisa ama-reactants, kukhona isifunda esiyinhloko. Yenziwe umkhumbi onengqikithi, i-pusher namaluphu amathathu. Iluphu ngayinye ine-generator yomusi owakhelwe ngaphakathi nepompo enkulu. Amanzi azungeza ngaphakathi kufanele akhishwe emanzini ukuze angavimbi imishini. Njengoba idlula ngaphakathi ithatha ukushisa okukhiqizwa ekushiseni okuvela ku- Ukulwa kwenuzi bese uyithumela ku-generator yomusi.
Uma usukulo, ukugeleza kwesibili kwamanzi kunesibopho sokumunca ukushisa okuvela emapayipini lapho amanzi angaphambi kwalokho akhishwe emithanjeni adlula khona. Kokubili uketshezi luzimele komunye nomunye. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukugeleza kokuqala kwamanzi kunesibopho sokumunca ukushisa kokuphendula futhi lokhu kugeleza kwesibili kokupholisa okokuqala. Konke lokhu kusiza ukugwema ukushisa ngokweqile.
Isiphenduli nesekethe laso lokupholisa liqukethwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ebiyelwe nge-hermetic nangamanzi, ibizwa nge- «Containment», equkethe isakhiwo sikakhonkolo esiyindilinga esingu-1,4 m ukujiya kobuso baso obusemaceleni kanye nengubo yensimbi engu-10 mm obukhulu Ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo sikakhonkolo kunokuqina okungu-3,5 m.
Okuqukethwe kunokuvalwa okuphezulu okumise okwedome le-hemispherical. Ukusebenza kwesekethe eliyinhloko kuhambisana nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezisizayo. Lezi zinhlelo zinomsebenzi obalulekile ukuze kungabikho zingozi. Imayelana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ivolumu, ukuhlanzwa nokususwa kwefriji. Ngalokhu inokulawulwa okuhle kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile, engamanzi nenegesi. Futhi ineminye imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze umsebenzi ube olungile.
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi
Ekugcineni sifika engxenyeni yokugcina lapho isiteshi samandla enuzi i-Almaraz sikhiqiza ugesi. Ukusebenza kwayo kuyafana nezinye izikhungo zamandla enuzi ezifana leyo yamaCofrentes. Esifundeni sesibili, umusi okhiqizwa kuma-generator uqhutshelwa emthonjeni obandayo nge-turbine. Le turbine inesibopho sokuguqula amandla okushisa abe yi- amandla emishini.
Ukuzungezisa ama-turbine blades ishayela i-alternator emaphakathi ngqo futhi ikhiqiza amandla kagesi. Umhwamuko wamanzi ophuma ku-turbine uba uketshezi ku-condenser, ubuye, ngosizo lwe-condensate futhi ondle amaphampu amanzi, ku-generator yomusi ukuqala kabusha umjikelezo. Izinqubo eziningana zokufudumeza umzimba zifakiwe kulesi sigaba ukusiza ukwandisa ukusebenza kwe-thermodynamic. Ukuqhuba okuqondile (ngokudlula) kunesibopho sokuqhuba umusi usuka kokungenayo uye kumshini ophendulela phezulu uye kwi-condenser.
Ngalolu lwazi uzokwazi ukwazi ngokujule ukusebenza kwesikhungo samandla enuzi i-Almaraz.