Sahamba saya edolobheni laseCofrentes, eValencia, ukuvakashela isizinda samandla enuzi esinikeza amandla eSpain. Isikhungo samandla enuzi saseCofrentes Iphethwe yinkampani i-Iberdrola Generación Nuclear SA ngo-100 %.Lesi sitshalo samandla enuzi sibe nezigameko eziningi ezenze kwaba izisulu zabezemvelo nabadicilela phansi amandla enuzi. Ukuphathwa kwesitshalo kubuswa yimigomo nokuzibophezela okuvunyelwe yiBhodi Yabaqondisi base-Iberdrola.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizocubungula zonke izici zesikhungo samandla enuzi. Sizoqala ngokuchaza ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi inegalelo elingakanani kumandla kagesi waseSpain. Ekugcineni, sizophawula ngezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu oke waba nazo kuze kube manje. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ngokujulile isitshalo samandla enuzi saseCofrentes? Kumele uqhubeke ufunde 🙂
Izinhloso zesikhungo samandla enuzi saseCofrentes
Inqubomgomo yamakhono nezinjongo zenkampani ilandela ezinye izinhloso eziyinhloko, phakathi kwazo okungukuthi:
- Gcina isitshalo samandla enuzi sisesimweni esifanele.
- Gcina ukuphepha okuhle futhi uthuthukise ubuchwepheshe ukuze busebenze njalo.
- Qeqesha abasebenzi ezingozini zomsebenzi ukugwema izingozi ezingaba khona.
- Thuthukisa izinqubomgomo ezisiza abasebenzi babe nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nalabo abangaphandle kwendlunkulu.
- Yazisa abezindaba ngendlela eyiqiniso futhi evulekile mayelana nesimo samanje sesitshalo. Ngale ndlela, umbono womphakathi ungakhiwa futhi wonke amaqembu ezithakazelo azokwaziswa.
Izici zobuchwepheshe
Isikhungo samandla enuzi saseCofrentes sine amandla kagesi we-1.092MW. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ngomunye wemikhakha emikhulu ekukhiqizeni kulo lonke elaseSpain. Ifakwe uhlobo lwe-BWR olubizayo lwamanzi ophendulayo. Kungumjikelezo oqondile wamanzi ophendulayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunoketshezi oluyisisekelo olulodwa noma isipholisi esibhekele ukuvuthisa ku-reactor.
Futhi okuwukuphela komaphakathi lokho kungokwalabo ababizwa ngesizukulwane sesibili. Zonke ezinye izitshalo zisebenzisa uhlelo lwamanzi olunengcindezi, ngenkathi lokhu kubila.
Ukusebenza kwesikhungo samandla enuzi saseCofrentes
Sizohlukanisa incazelo yokusebenza kwesikhungo samandla enuzi sibe izingxenye ezithile. Engxenyeni ngayinye kufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi kunezinqubo ezibucayi.
Kusetshenziswa uphethiloli
Ukuthola amandla, uhlelo ludinga indlela ekhiqiza umusi. Le ndlela ebhekele ukukhiqiza umusi ayisiyonto edlula i-reactor yenuzi. Ibekwe phakathi kwezinto ezisizayo nezokulawula ngaphakathi komkhumbi wokucindezela. Yilapho kukhiqizwa khona ukufakwa kwenuzi yama-athomu e-uranium. Inqubo iqala ukunikeza ukushisa okwandayo kuze kufike amanzi.
Kulokhu kusabela uphethiloli owaziwa njenge U-4,2% ucebe i-uranium kancane. Kungumbhalo we-ceramic okwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu kanye namanani aphezulu emisebe. Siyakhumbula ukuthi imisebe iyingozi kakhulu kubantu nokuthi ekugxilweni okuncane nje kungaba yingozi kakhulu. Le nto ye-ceramic iqukethe izinduku eziyize ze-zircaloy-2 (zirconium alloy) ezihlelwe zaba amasethi wezinduku eziyi-11 × 11. Lokhu yilokho okwenza ukwakheka kwezinto kube lula ukuphatha.
Izinyathelo zokuthola amandla
Izinyathelo ezilandelwayo ukuthola amandla zimi kanje.
- Into yokuqala ukukhulisa izinga lokushisa kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwesiphenduli. Amanzi agelezela ngendlela ebheke phezulu enkabeni yomongo. Izinduku ze-zircaloy zifudunyezwa ukufakwa kwama-athomu e-uranium futhi kuvumela ukukhiqizwa cishe kwe-1,6 Tm ngomzuzwana wesitimu esigcwele. Umphunga uhlukaniswe nesigaba soketshezi futhi womiswe engxenyeni engenhla yomkhumbi ophendulayo. Ngemuva kwalokho iyaqhubeka inwebele kumshini ophehla ingcindezi ephezulu.
- Umusi owandisiwe iyomiswa iphinde ifudunyezwe futhi kuma-heater amabili nasomisi bomswakama.
- Umusi oshisa kakhulu futhi owomile ekugcineni wamukelwa yizindikimba ezimbili ezinengcindezi ephansi ye-turbine lapho ukunwetshwa kwayo kuphelela khona kuze kufike ekucindezelekeni kwekholomu engu-75mm ye-mercury ngokuphelele. Ekugcineni, ithunyelwa kwisifudumezi esiphindwe kabili lapho siguqulwa sibuyele emanzini ukuze siyibuyisele kusiphenduli ngomjikelezo ojwayelekile wokuzivuselela.
Amandla kagesi ophethwe yi-turbine aguqulwa abe ugesi ngendlela efanayo nokuthi wenziwa kanjani esitshalweni samandla esishisayo. Inani lamandla akhiqizwayo liyasetshenziswa futhi liyiswe kuma-transformers ayisigaba esisodwa esikhulu.
Ukupholisa kwesitshalo kwenziwa kumjikelezo ovaliwe ngokusebenzisa imibhoshongo emibili yemidwebo yemvelo. Imibhoshongo inobukhulu be- Amamitha ayi-129 ukuphakama namamitha ayi-90 ububanzi besisekelo. Kule mibhoshongo lapho amanzi afika khona ngepayipi elivalekile futhi apholiswe ngokuwaxuba nomoya okhuphukayo. Izinga lamandla we-reactor lilawulwa ngamaphampu wokuphindaphinda kanye nezinduku zokulawula ezingena emgodini kusukela ezansi.
Izehlakalo zesikhungo samandla enuzi
Ngesikhathi sika-2017 Kubhaliswe izehlakalo eziyi-10 ezaphoqa ukuthi isitshalo sivale. Okubi kakhulu kwaba ukuwohloka okwamlahlekisela ngoDisemba ukuhlukaniswa kwezinga 1 ("anomaly") kwi-International Scale of Nuclear and Radiological Events (INES) ye UMkhandlu Wokuphepha Kwenuzi (CSN).
Ama-Turbines namabheringi ahlulekile futhi isitshalo samandla enuzi bekufanele sicishe kaningi. Futhi kuphendula ngokuthi i-reactor yenuzi esebenza ngayo, ugesi Jikelele imodeli efanayo neFukushima emangelengele. Inesistimu efanayo yokuqukethwe. Ngokunikezwa ukwehluleka okuqhubekayo ngemuva kweminyaka engu-35 yokusebenza (kuhloselwe ukuba nempilo esebenzisekayo yeminyaka engama-40), u-Iberdrola uhlose ukuqhubeka nokuyenza isebenze.
Abavikeli bezemvelo bakhala ngokuvalwa kwesikhungo samandla enuzi ukuze kugwenywe izinhlekelele ezinjengeChernobyl noma iFukushima.
Izinto azichazwa kahle futhi izinto ezihlulekayo zingukhiye ekusebenzeni kwesitshalo.
Asethembe ukuthi isikhungo samandla enuzi iCofrentes asidali nkinga enkulu nokuthi benza izinto kahle.