Impela uyazi ukuthi enye yezindlela zokukhiqiza amandla nogesi ngokusebenzisa amandla enuzi. Kepha ungahle ungazi ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ngempela. Kunezinqubo ezimbili zokwakheka kwamandla enuzi: ukufakwa kwenuzi nokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi.
Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi iyini i-fission yenuzi nakho konke okuphathelene nayo?
Ukulwa kwenuzi
I-nyukliya fission ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lapho i-nucleus esindayo iqhutshwa khona ngama-neutron. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, iba i-nucleus engazinzile futhi ibolile ibe ama-nuclei amabili, osayizi bayo abafanayo ngokulandelana okufanayo kobukhulu. Kule nqubo kukhishwa inani elikhulu lamandla futhi kukhishwa ama-neutron amaningana.
Lapho i-neutron ikhishwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwe-nucleus, iyakwazi ukudala ezinye izingcingo ngokuxhumana nezinye izakhi eziseduze. Lapho ama-neutron esedale ezinye izingcingo, ama-neutron azokhishwa kuwo azokhiqiza imishini eminingi. Ngakho-ke njengoba kukhiqizwa inani elikhulu lamandla. Le nqubo iyenzeka ngengxenyana encane yomzuzwana futhi yaziwa ngokuthi yi-chain reaction. I-nuclei efosile ikhiphe amandla aphindwe kayisigidi kunalawo atholwe ngokushisa ibhloko lamalahle noma ngokuqhuma ibhulokhi ye-dynamite yesisindo esifanayo. Ngalesi sizathu, amandla enuzi ngumthombo wamandla onamandla kakhulu futhi asetshenziselwa izidingo zamandla aphezulu.
Lokhu kukhishwa kwamandla kwenzeka ngokushesha kunokusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Lapho kutholakala ukufakwa kwe-neutron futhi kukhishwa i-neutron eyodwa kuphela edala ukufakwa okulandelayo, inani lama-fissions avela ngomzuzwana lihlala likhona futhi ukusabela kungalawulwa kahle. Lesi yisimiso abasebenza ngaso amandla enuzi.
Umehluko phakathi kokuhlanganiswa nokufifiya
Kokubili ukusabela kwenuzi okukhipha amandla aqukethwe kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu. Kepha kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili. I-nyukliya fission, njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukwahlukaniswa kwe-nucleus esindayo kube yincane, ngokushayisana nama-neutron. Endabeni yokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi, kuphambene. Ikona inhlanganisela yokukhanya elula ukwakha enkulu futhi esindayo.
Isibonelo, ku-fission yenuzi, i-uranium 235 (iyona kuphela isotopu engabhekana ne-fission yenuzi futhi etholakala endalweni) ihlangana ne-neutron ukwakha i-athomu elizinzile elihlukana ngokushesha futhin barium 144 kanye krypton 89, kanye nama-neutron amathathu. Lokhu kungenye yokuphendula okungenzeka lapho i-uranium ihlangana ne-neutron.
Ngalo msebenzi ophendulela amandla enuzi atholakala namuhla futhi asetshenziselwa ukwenza isenzo samandla kagesi.
Ukuze kuhlangane inuzi, kuyadingeka ukuthi izakhi ezimbili ezilula zihlangane zenze eyodwa esindayo. Kule nqubo kudedelwa inani elikhulu lamandla. Isibonelo, eSun izinqubo zokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi ziyaqhubeka lapho ama-athomu anesisindo esiphansi ahlangana khona ukuze akhe anzima kakhulu. Ama-nuclei amabili alula kakhulu kufanele akhokhiswe kahle futhi asondele eduze komunye nomunye, anqobe amandla we-electrostatic of repulsion akhona. Lokhu kudinga inani elikhulu lokushisa nokucindezela. Kwiplanethi yethu, njengoba ingekho ingcindezi ekhona eLangeni, amandla adingekayo adingekayo ukuze izakhi zisabele futhi zinqobe la mandla anyanyekayo zitholakala ngokusebenzisa i-accelerator yezinhlayiyana.
Enye yezindlela ezejwayelekile zokuhlangana kwe-nyukliya yileyo ehlanganisa inhlanganisela yama-isotopu amabili e-hydrogen, deuterium ne-tritium, ukwakha i-helium athomu kanye ne-neutron. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, eSun kuba nezingcindezi eziphakeme zamandla adonsela phansi lapho kuthwalwa khona ama-athomu e-hydrogen futhi adinga amazinga okushisa ayi-15 million degrees Celsius ukuze ahlanganise. Njalo umzuzwana Amathani ayizigidi ezingama-600 we-hydrogen fuse akha i-helium.
Okwamanje azikho iziphenduli ezisebenza ngokuhlanganiswa kwenuzi, ngoba kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuphinda wenze le mibandela. Okubonwa kakhulu yisiphenduli esivivinyayo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-nyukliya esibizwa nge-ITER esakhiwa eFrance futhi esizama ukuthola ukuthi le nqubo yokukhiqiza amandla iyasebenza yini kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezomnotho, yenza ukuhlanganiswa kwenuzi ngokuboshwa ngamandla kazibuthe.
Isisindo esibucayi
Isisindo esibucayi sithi inani elincane lezinto ezi-fissile lokho kuyadingeka ukuze ukuphendula kochungechunge lwenuzi kungagcinwa namandla akhiqizwe njalo.
Yize ekukhiqizweni kwenuzi ngakunye phakathi kwamatroniyoni amabili kuya kwamathathu kukhiqizwa, akuwona wonke ama-neutron akhishwayo akwazi ukuqhubeka nokunye ukusabela kwe-fission, kepha amanye alahlekile. Uma lezi neutron ezikhishwe ukusabela ngakunye zilahleka ngezinga elikhulu kunalelo ziyakwazi ukwakhiwa nge-fission, ukuphendula ngeketanga ngeke kube nokusimama futhi izoma.
Ngakho-ke, lo bunzima obubucayi buzoncika ezintweni eziningana ezinjengezinto zomzimba nezenuzi, i-geometry kanye nobumsulwa be-athomu ngayinye.
Ukuze ube ne-reactor lapho i-neutron encane ibalekela khona, i-geometry ye-sphere iyadingeka, ngoba inendawo encane engenhla ukuze ukuvuza kwe-neutron kuncishisiwe. Uma okokusebenza esikusebenzisela ukufission sikuzungeza ngesibonakalisi se-neutron, ama-neutron amaningi alahlekile futhi isisindo esibucayi esidingekayo siyancishiswa. Lokhu konga izinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ukuhlukaniswa okuzenzakalelayo kwenuzi
Uma lokhu kwenzeka, akudingekile ukuthi i-neutron kufanele ifakwe ngaphakathi, kepha kuma-isotopu athile we-uranium ne-plutonium, anokwakheka okungazinzile kwe-athomu, ayakwazi ukuqhamuka ngokuzenzekelayo.
Ngalesi sizathu, ekuphenduleni ngakunye kwe-fission yenuzi kunamathuba ngomzuzwana ukuthi i-athomu likwazi ukuqhamuka ngokuzenzekelayo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokungenelwa muntu. Ngokwesibonelo, I-plutonium 239 inamathuba amaningi okuthi izifakele ngokuzenzekelayo kune-uranium 235.
Ngalolu lwazi ngiyethemba wazi okunye ngokuthi amandla enuzi aklanyelwa kanjani ukukhiqizwa kukagesi emadolobheni.