Phakathi ezahlukeneyo iintlobo zehlathi ezikhoyo sinayo ihlathi elixubekileyo. Yeyona ibandakanya iintlobo ze-angiosperms kunye neejimnosperms. Amahlathi axubeneyo akwiindawo ezikumantla obubanzi bommandla weTiga. Ngokwesiqhelo imeko yezulu ebalaseleyo iphakathi. La mahlathi abaluleke kakhulu xa kufikelelwa ekusingatheni izilwanyana nezilwanyana.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neempawu kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zehlathi elidibeneyo ezikhoyo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ihlathi elixubeneyo lenziwa luluhlu oluthile esilufumana kwi-canopy kunye ne-understory. Umxholo ongezantsi unengca, izihlahla, iiferns kunye nobulembu. Ezi zityalo zinje Olona phawu lubalulekileyo kubungakanani babo obuncinci kwaye bakwindawo esezantsi yomhlaba. Umhlaba wala mahlathi uchume kakhulu kuba ubuninzi bezinto eziphilayo kwaye ugcina ukufuma kakuhle.
Kula mahlathi sinemithi egqumayo egalela amagqabi ngonyaka ukunciphisa umetabolism. La magqabi awela emhlabeni abizwa ngokuba yinkunkuma kwaye anceda ukuchumisa umhlaba. Inkunkuma ewela emhlabeni iba yinto ephilayo kwaye iyakwazi ukugcina ukufuma ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo nezinto eziphilayo. Kunqabile ukuba sifumane abakhweli kunye neeepiphyte kwanakumahlathi axubeneyo akuMbindi Merika.
Nangona ihlathi elixubileyo lihambelana nohlobo olukhethekileyo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yemozulu kunye neentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziqulathiweyo. Kukho amahlathi axubeneyo Utshintsho phakathi kweliphi ihlathi elipholileyo kunye ne-taiga. Le mimandla ikummandla osemantla we-hemisphere esemantla.
Umzekelo, sifumana amahlathi axubeneyo eAsia eyahlukileyo phakathi kwamahlathi emonono kunye netaiga. KwiMeditera Basin sifumana amahlathi axubeneyo ahambelana nehlobo elomileyo, ngelixa eMexico nakuMbindi Melika inezinto ezahlukileyo zokwakheka kweentyatyambo ngenxa yemozulu eyahlukileyo.
AmaGymnosperms osapho lwePinaceae kunye neCupressaceae aphambili kula mahlathi akumantla e-hemisphere. Kwelinye icala, kumazantsi e-hemisphere, iintsapho ze-Araucariaceae kunye nePodocarpaceae zixhaphakile. Ezona angiosperm zixhaphakileyo kula mahlathi zezi abo bangabosapho lakwaFagaceae apho sinohlobo lweQuercus. Ngaphakathi kolu didi sine-oki, i-holm oki kunye ne-oki oki.
Iimpawu kunye nezinto zehlathi elixubekileyo
La mahlathi akhula kwimozulu epholileyo, nokuba yeyolwandle, iMeditera okanye imozulu yelizwekazi. Kulapha apho kukho izilwanyana ezahluka-hlukeneyo eziyohluka ngokuxhomekeke kwingingqi esikuyo.
Kwiindawo ezisemantla ezingaphezulu zenyakatho ye-hemisphere kukho izilwanyana ezifanekisayo ezifana nebhere, ingcuka kunye neelk. Ezi zilwanyana zibalasele kula mahlathi kuba kukho iimeko zokusingqongileyo ezithanda ukukhula kwazo ngokuchanekileyo. Uninzi lwamahlathi axubekileyo baye bahlaselwa ngokugawulwa ngabantu. Zininzi iindawo ezibekelwe ezolimo kunye nokufuya imfuyo. Inikezelwe ekuloleni ukuthunyelwa kweenkuni kunye nezinye izinto zendalo. Ngokuphathelene nokuzala, ikakhulu ifama yeenkomo egxile kwiinkomo, iihagu kunye neebhokhwe.
Kwelinye icala, sineendawo ezibalulekileyo zamahlathi axubeneyo akhuselweyo phantsi kwepaki yesizwe okanye yolondolozo lwendalo. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela ikhosistim kunye nokulungelelana kwendalo ngelixa kufezekiswa umsebenzi ofanelekileyo woqoqosho kukhenketho. Njengomzekelo wehlathi elixubekileyo, sinamahlathi aphakathi e-American pine kunye ne-oki, echaphazeleka kakhulu ziintyatyambo zetropiki. Ihlathi leMedithera le-coniferous kunye ne-holm oki lihlathi ngumzekelo wehlathi elomileyo lasehlotyeni. Kungenxa yokuba banazo uhlengahlengiso kwindaleko kukungabikho kwamanzi ngexesha lasehlotyeni.
Ubume kunye nomhlaba
Ihlathi elidityanisiweyo linesakhiwo esibhekisa kwii-biotypes esele zikhona kunye nokusasazwa kwazo ngokuthe nkqo nangokuthe nkqo. Isigubungelo sesona siphezulu senziwe yimithi, kuba yeyona ndawo iphambili. Apha, oko kubizwa ngokuba yimithi evelayo, ithiwe thaca apha ngasentla, iphume ngaphaya kophahla.
Kuxhomekeke kwimozulu yommandla ngamnye wasempuma i-canopy inokufikelela kubude obuphakathi kwe-25 kunye ne-45 yeemitha. Kwezinye iindawo zisezantsi njengokuba kunjalo kwintaba yasePyrenean. Umhlaba uphuhlisiwe kwaye unentabalala yezinto eziphilayo kuba uxuba inkunkuma yemithi evuthulukayo. Oku kuyenza ichume kakhulu kwaye kukho ukubakho kokufumaneka kwamanzi.
Iintlobo zehlathi ezixubileyo
Kuba la mahlathi amele ukwakheka ngokusekwe kutshintsho lwamahlathi e-coniferous kunye ne-angiosperm, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
- Utshintsho kunye ne-taiga: Zifumaneka kumantla eYurophu, Canada naseMelika. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, iyenzeka kutshintsho olusuka kwi-taiga luye kumahlathi ashushu aqaqambe ngakumbi emazantsi.
- Utshintsho kunye nehlathi le-taiga kunye ne-monsoon: Yenzeka eAsia kwaye apha ubume behlathi bunzima ngakumbi. Ubunzima babonakaliswa ngokunikwa ubukho bezityalo ze-liana ezinemigca eliqela yomthi.
- Ihlathi elinemvula elihambelanayo neliphakathi: zezo zinomswakama ophezulu kakhulu kwaye ubukhulu becala zimantla-ntshona oMntla-ntshona we-Pacific Coast kunye namathambeka e-Andean akumazantsi eChile. Apha sifumana ukwakheka kwezityalo ezinemvula ephezulu ejikeleze i-2.500 mm ngonyaka, efikelela kwi-8.500 mm ngonyaka.
- Ihlathi lenguquko, iipayini zase Central America: zezo zinomanyano phakathi kwehlathi elihlaza elihlala liluhlaza elinamagqabi abanzi ikakhulu kunye nehlathi lepayini le-Central America. Apha kubonakala izityalo zentsapho yasePinaceae.
- Ihlathi lenguquko elixubileyo kunye neAraucarias kunye nePodocarpaceae: Ngamahlathi axubeneyo akummandla we emazantsi e-Amerika. Ikwafumaneka naseNew Zealand ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci. Iintyatyambo zayo zineempawu eziqhelekileyo zamahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye namahlathi e-coniferous yommandla. Izityalo zeAraucariaceae kunye neentsapho zePodocarpaceae zigqamile.
- Ihlathi leMedithera elixubileyo: Le mithi inezinto eziphambili ezihambelana nembalela enkulu yehlobo. Ziqukethe iintlobo ze-angiosperms ezinqabileyo kwaye zifumaneka eYurophu nakuMbindi Mpuma. Umahluko kwihlathi elixubekileyo ngokwawo kukuba eyokuqala inayo ihlobo elinethayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nehlathi elixubileyo.