Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa amanzi ukuze asetyenziswe ngabantu. Enye yazo kukususwa kwetyuwa. Le nkqubo yokucoca amanzi yenziwa kwisityalo Isityalo kwityuwa yetyuwa. Eyona njongo iphambili yale ndawo yokutyiwa kwetyuwa kukuguqula amanzi anetyiwa okanye amtyuba abe ngamanzi alungele ukutyiwa ngabantu, ukunkcenkceshelwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso. Enkosi kuphuculo lwetekhnoloji, yonke imihla ungabona indlela yokufumana amanzi amaninzi ukuze uwasebenzise kamva.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke izigaba eziphambili zenkqubo yokunyanjiswa kwetyuwa kunye nokuba ziziphi iimpawu zesityalo sokuhambisa ityuwa emanzini.
Amanqanaba esityalo setyuwa emanzini
Siza kubona ukuba ngawaphi amanqanaba okuqala apho isityalo sokuhambisa ityiwa emanzini sinokucoca amanzi.
Amanzi olwandle
Kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokubambisa, nokuba kungavulwa kusetyenziswa iimpahla zaselwandle okanye kuvaliwe ngamaqula anzulu, ezinye iindawo zolwandle, njl. Iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zinokuphetshwa. Onke la manyathelo okuvuna amanzi olwandle banokukunceda ukuba ufumane unyango olungcono olulandelayo lwamanzi.
Kuxhomekeke kuhlalutyo lokuba amanzi afunyenwe yenye okanye enye indlela, babonisa ukuba indawo evaliweyo ikhethwe kuba:
- Amanzi awayehluzwa ngaphambili, ngoko ke bambalwa izinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo.
- Inomsebenzi omncinci webhayoloji, ke iikhemikhali ezithile zithintelwe.
- Ubushushu kunye nokwenziwa kweekhemikhali zamanzi kuzinzile.
Ukunyanga kwangaphambili
Sisigaba esisetyenziswa sisityalo setyuwa setyuwa ukuze sikwazi ukuhlengahlengisa imeko yemichiza kunye neebhayoloji kwiimfuno zenkqubo yetyuwa. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukunqanda ukubola, ukuxhwaleka kunye nokudodobala kwesixhobo.
Singahlulahlula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zangaphambi konyango:
- Ukuyalelwa kwangaphambili komzimba kunye nemichiza: ijongana neenkqubo ezithile ezinje ngeasidi, isikali inhibitors, ukuthambeka komhlaba, ioksijini, ukususwa komhlaba kunye nokuhamba. Ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukutshabalalisa kunye nokususa i-degassing nazo ziyinxalenye yolu xwebhu.
- Ukwenziwa kwangaphambili kwembrane: Iitekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo zinokusetyenziselwa ukucoca amasuntswana amancinci ekumisweni. Sisebenzisa i-microfiltration, i-ultrafiltration okanye i-membrane ye-nanofiltration. Konke oku kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bamasuntswana. Ezi zinto zandulela ukwenziwa zibandakanya amathuba amatsha kwicandelo lokususa ityuwa emanzini njenge-reverse osmosis. Oku kusetyenziswa xa amanzi enamandla okubopha.
- Ukuphathwa kwangaphambili kweenkqubo zokucoca ulwelo kunye neenkqubo zonyuko: Eyona njongo iphambili yale nkqubo kukukwazi ukuphelisa ukuthambeka okunokwenzeka kwetyuwa engenakunyibilika kunye neegesi ezinganyangekiyo ezinakho ukunciphisa umda wokuhambisa ubushushu bamanzi.
Inkqubo yetyuwa
Nje ukuba isityalo sokuhambisa ityiwa emanzini senze inkqubo yangaphambi konyango, Kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuhambisa ityiwa emanzini ezifana nokufaka ulusu, ukwahlula inwebu kunye nokuqandisela. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nkqubo ifezekisa owona mgangatho wamanzi ulungileyo xa kuthelekiswa nokuphunyezwa kunye neendleko zokusebenza yi-osmosis eguqukayo. E-Spain sinebenchmark enkulu ye-osmosis ebuyela umva, kuba umlinganiso wokuguqula we-45% unokufunyanwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuze kufunyanwe iinxalenye ezingama-45 zamanzi anetyuwa, kufuneka iinxalenye ezili-100 zamanzi eziqhamo.
Ukuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yamandla oxinzelelo oluphezulu ngokufakwa kwenkqubo yokubuyisa amandla wamanzi kuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Baqala nge Francis, baqhubeka ngee-injini zePelton kwaye namhlanje kukho amagumbi e-isobaric. . Ngapha koko, ukuthunyelwa kwinqanaba le-osmosis zehlile ukusuka kwi-8kWh / m3 kwii-70s ukuya kwi-2,3kWh / m3 namhlanje.
Emva konyango kwisityalo se-desalination
Olunye unyango olunikwa amanzi ukuze lubenako ukuwenza anetyhefu ngonyango lwasemva koNyango. Imalunga nokunyanga amanzi afunyenwe ukunciphisa ubunzima bawo kunye nealkalinity. Kweli nqanaba ukulungiswa kwazo zonke iiparameter ukuze zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokusetyenziswa kwabantu, ukunkcenkceshela okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela asetyenziswa ngayo la manzi, olu nyango lwasemva kwexesha lusenokungafuneki ngakumbi.
Okokugqibela, ii-brines ezaliwe ziyakhutshwa ngenjongo yokuphembelela ubuncinci bendalo. Ke ngokwenyani, kunjalo. Izityalo zetyuwa yetyuwa zinokuba nefuthe elibi kwindalo esingqongileyo kwiilwandle nakwimimandla yonxweme apho kukhutshwa khona amanzi anetyuwa.
Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo kwisityalo sokuhambisa ityuwa
Siza kubona ukuba zeziphi izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zokuba nesityalo sokutyuba ityuwa ukuze sikwazi ukuvelisa amanzi.
Inzuzo
- Eminye imithombo ithi imele iipesenti ezi-3 zokuhlala umhlaba kunye neepesenti ezi-3 zokufuduswa komhlaba phambi kokudluliselwa kwe-Ebro ngaphambili kwi-National Hydrological Plan Law (PHN), esele ichithwe.
- Inkqubo yetyuwa itya i-30% yamandla amancinci kunalawo ayimfuneko ukwenza ugqithiselo.
- Amandla ahlaziyekayo anokusetyenziselwa ukusebenza kwesityalo sokuhambisa iityuwa, kuba iSpain ineendawo emazantsi nasempuma apho kuninzi khona ilanga nomoya.
Iingxaki
Njengoko unokulindela, isityalo se-desalination sinesiphene:
- Kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi olwandle Inkunkuma enetyuwa iveliswa ethi ilahlwe elwandle kunye nokonakalisa iintyatyambo zaselwandle. Kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukuba uninzi lwetyuwa luphalazwa lubuyele emanzini kwaye lwonyusa ubutyuwa bamanzi athethiweyo.
- Ukubuyela umva kufakelo lwe-osmosis kunzima kakhulu kwaye kufuna ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kombane.
- Kuba ziifektri, banobomi obulinganiselweyo.
- Amanzi etyuwa angalimaza ezolimo kuba kukho ezinye izityalo ezibuthathaka kwizimbiwa kumanzi anetyuwa.
- Imisebenzi emitsha nebiza kakhulu yeziseko zophuhliso kufuneka ihlalutywe ukuze kudluliselwe amanzi anetyuwa kwiindawo ezifuneka kuzo.
Izityalo zetyuwa eSpain
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, eSpain sinomgangatho ngokwe-reverse osmosis. Kwaye oku kunokufezekiswa ngokuguqulwa komlingani we-45%. Oku kuthetha ukuba Kwilitha ezili-100 zamanzi ezithile esingena kuzo kwisityalo sokutyuba ityuwa, iilitha ezingama-45 zinokuba netyuwa. Ezi ziqondo elifanelekileyo lokuguqula kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindleko zamandla.
Umgangatho ofanelekileyo uya kuba nakho ukukhupha ityuwa emanzini usebenzisa amandla ahlaziyiweyo ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokutyalwa kwetyuwa kwetyuwa kunye neempawu zayo.