Francis

Francis

Enye yezinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi lonke ukuvelisa amandla ombane ngamanzi yile Francis. Ngumatshini we-turbo owaphuhliswa nguJames B. Francis kwaye usebenza ngokuphendula kunye nokuhamba okuxubeneyo. Ziinjini zombane ezinakho ukunika uluhlu olubanzi lokutsiba kunye nokuhamba kwaye zisebenza kumathambeka aqala kwiimitha ezimbini ukuya kumakhulu aliqela eemitha.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwenjini kaFrancis.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Francis iinxalenye zeinjini

Olu hlobo lwe-turbine luyakwazi ukusebenza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingalinganiyo ukusuka kwiimitha ezininzi ukuya kumakhulu eemitha. Ngale ndlela, yenzelwe ukuba ikwazi ukusebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lweentloko kunye nokuhamba. Enkosi ngokusebenza okuphezulu kweglu eyakhiweyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziselwe yona, le modeli iya kuba yenye yezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuphambili kukwicandelo lokuvelisa amandla ombane kwizityalo zamandla ombane.

Amandla ombane, njengoko sisazi, luhlobo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo asebenzisa amanzi kwizikhongozeli ukuvelisa amandla ombane. Ezi turbines zinzima kwaye zibiza kakhulu ukuyila ukufaka kodwa zinokusebenza amashumi eminyaka. Oku kwenza ukuba utyalo-mali kwiindleko zokuqala zolu hlobo lwee-injini ziphakamise kunezinye. Nangona kunjalo, kufanelekile njengoko utyalomali lokuqala lukwazi ukuhlawula kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala. Njengamandla e-photovoltaic apho sisebenzisa iipaneli zelanga kunye nomndilili wobomi obuluncedo beminyaka engama-25, sinokuphinda siyibuyise imali ngexesha leminyaka eli-10 ukuya ku-15 yosetyenziso.

I-turbine kaFrancis ine-hydrodynamic yoyilo ethi Isiqinisekisa ngokusebenza okuphezulu ngenxa yokuba kunqabile ukuba kukho ilahleko yamanzi. Banobukeka obomeleleyo kwaye banexabiso eliphantsi lokugcina. Eli lelinye lawona manqaku aluncedo kakhulu kolu hlobo lwee-injini zomoya kuba ulondolozo lusezantsi kwaye yintoni enciphisa iindleko ngokubanzi. Ukufakwa kweinjini yomoya kaFrancis eneendawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-800 akukhuthazwa kwaphela kuba zininzi kakhulu umahluko womxhuzulane. Kananjalo akucebisi ukufakela olu hlobo lweinjini yomoya kwiindawo apho kukho umahluko omkhulu ekuhambeni.

Cavitation kwitroli yeFrancis

Ukuveliswa kwamandla kwe-Hydroelectric

Cavitation yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka siyilawule ngamaxesha onke. Yimpembelelo ye-hydrodynamic eyenzekayo xa imingxunya yomphunga iveliswa ngaphakathi emanzini adlula kwiinjini zomoya. Njengamanzi, kunokwenzeka nangaluphi na olunye ulwelo olukwimeko yolwelo kwaye lwathi lwasebenza kwimikhosi ephendula kumahluko kuxinzelelo. Kule meko, kuyenzeka xa ulwelo ludlula ngesantya esiphezulu ngomphetho obukhali kwaye kukho ukubola phakathi kolwelo kunye nolondolozo lweBernoulli rhoqo.

Kuyenzeka ukuba uxinzelelo lomphunga kulwelo lube ngendlela yokuba iimolekyuli zinokutshintsha kwangoko zibe ngumphunga kwaye inani elikhulu lamaqamza lenziwe. La maqamza ayaziwa njengemingxunya. Le yilapho kuvela khona umxholo we-cavitation.

Onke la maqamza hamba uye kwiindawo apho kukho uxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuya apho kukho uxinzelelo oluncinci. Ngexesha lohambo, umphunga ubuyela ngesiquphe kwimeko yolwelo. Oku kubangela ukuba amaqamza aphele etyumza kwaye ekhathazekile kwaye avelise umzila wegesi ovelisa isixa esikhulu samandla kumgangatho oqinileyo kwaye onokuthi uqhekeke ngexesha lokungqubana.

Konke oku kusenza ukuba sithathele ingqalelo i-cavitation kwi-turbine ka-Francis.

Francis iinxalenye zeinjini

Iimpawu zeturbine kaFrancis

Olu hlobo lweeinjini zomoya lunamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwaye nganye inolawulo lokuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane. Siza kuhlalutya ngalinye lala malungu:

  • Igumbi lokomoya: Yinxalenye yenjini kaFrancis enoxanduva lokuhambisa ulwelo ngokulinganayo kwindawo yokungena. Eli gumbi lijikelezayo linemilo yenkumba kwaye kungenxa yokuba isantya esiqhelekileyo sencindi kufuneka sihlale sihlala rhoqo kwindawo nganye. Esi sizathu sokuba kufuneka ikwimo yokujikeleza kunye nenkumba. Icandelo elinqamlezileyo leli gumbi linokuba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, uxande kwaye kwelinye isetyhula, isetyhula yeyona ixhaphakileyo.
  • Umxhasi wangaphambili: Yinxalenye yale injini yenziwe ngee-blade ezisisigxina. Ezi blade zinomsebenzi olungelelaniswe kakuhle. Basebenza ukugcina ulwakhiwo lwegumbi lokujikeleza esele silikhankanyile ngasentla kwaye bayinika ukuqina ngokwaneleyo ukuze bakwazi ukuxhasa ulwakhiwo lwehydrodynamic kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko yamanzi.
  • Umhambisi: eli candelo lakhiwe ziinqwelo ezihambayo zesikhokelo. Ezi zinto kufuneka zihambise amanzi ngokufanelekileyo kwi-Arabhu ye-impeller emiselweyo. Ukongeza, lo mhambisi ulawula ukulawula ukuhamba okuvunyelweyo xa kudlula iFransi yenjini. Le yindlela amandla omoya anokuguqulwa ngayo ukuze ihlengahlengiswe kangangoko kwimithwalo eyahlukeneyo yothungelwano lombane. Kwangelo xesha, iyakwazi ukwalathisa ukuhamba kolwelo ukuphucula ukusebenza komatshini.
  • Impeller okanye Rotor: yintliziyo yenjini yeFrancis. Kungenxa yokuba yindawo apho ukutshintshiselana kwamandla kwenzeka phakathi komatshini uphela. Amandla olwelo ngesiqhelo ngalo mzuzu xa edlula kwi-impeller sisixa samandla e-kinetic, amandla onawo uxinzelelo kunye namandla anokubakho malunga nokuphakama. Iinjini ejongene nokuguqula la mandla abe ngamandla ombane. Impeller inoxanduva lokuhambisa la mandla ngeshafti iye kumbane wombane apho kuguqulwa khona okokugqibela. Inokuba neefom ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwinani elithile lohlaziyo umatshini owenzelwe lona.
  • Ukufunxa ityhubhu: Yinxalenye apho ulwelo luphuma khona kwiinjini. Umsebenzi wale nxalenye kukunikezela ngokuqhubekayo kulwelo kunye nokubuyisa ukuxhuma okulahlekileyo kumancedo angaphezulu kwenqanaba lamanzi. Ngokubanzi, eli candelo lakhiwe ngohlobo lwesisasazi ukuze ivelise isiphumo sokutsala esinceda ukubuyisa inxenye yamandla angakhange asiwe kwirotor.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nenjini kaFrancis.


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