Ngokuqinisekileyo wakha weva ngeefotoni. Amaxesha amaninzi kuyathethwa kwicandelo lekhemistri kunye namanye amaxesha kwifiziksi kodwa eyona nto iyiyo Ifoto? Yinto yokukhanya esasazeka kwisithuba kwaye ihambe. Yifoton ebangela ukuba imitha ye-elektronignetic isuke kwenye indawo iye kwenye ngendlela ngeendlela esinokuthi siyibone ngayo.
Ungaphoswa lulwazi lonke olunxulumene nefoton. Sichaza ngokweenkcukacha iimpawu, ukufunyanwa kunye nenkqubela phambili enikwe ziifoto kwisayensi. Ufuna ukwazi okungakumbi?
Yintoni i-photon?
Le yinto entsonkothileyo ukuyicacisa kakuhle kwisivakalisi esinye njengoko senzile ngentla kwintshayelelo. Yinto yokuqala kunye neyona nto iphambili, oko kukuthi, Iyakwazi ukuhamba ngomshini, ukuhambisa yonke imitha ye-electromagnetic radiation. Igama elithi photon livela kwisithombe esithetha ukukhanya. Oko kukuthi, i-photon nayo ilula. Asithethi nje ngemitha yombane xa sibhekisa kwimitha eyingozi ye-ultraviolet, kwimitha ye-gamma evela esibhakabhakeni, okanye ukukhanya kwe-infrared.
Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngaphakathi kombane we-electromagnetic sinendawo esiyaziyo njengokukhanya okubonakalayo. Lo mmandla uhamba phakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-700 nm kwaye yile nto isenza sibone uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemibala phakathi kobomvu neblue.
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza igama elithi photon ngoluhlobo. Ngapha koko, amaxesha amaninzi eli gama lisetyenziswa mihla le, lisetyenziswa gwenxa. Into esiza kuyithetha ngokuqinisekileyo yile isuntswana elinobunzima buhlala buzinzile. Ngombulelo koluzinzo, luyakwazi ukuhamba kwisitupu ngesantya esingaguquguqukiyo. Nangona inokubonakala ingeyonyani okanye ithe tye emkhonweni, iifotoni zinokuhlalutywa kumanqanaba emicroscopic kunye nemacroscopic. Oko kukuthi, xa sibona ukukhanya kwesibane kungena ngefestile, siyazi ukuba iifotoni zidlula apho.
Ngapha koko, njengoko ihamba ngompu ophethe i-electromagnetic radiation, iyayenza lo gama igcina onke amaza ayo kunye neepropathi zomzimba. Ngokufanelekileyo, Iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokungathi ngumtshangatshangiso. Umzekelo, ukuba senza i-refraction kwi-lens ebonakalayo, ukuhamba kweefotoni kufana nokutshatyalaliswa. Xa i-photon ekugqibeleni ifikelela kumba emva kokuhamba nge-vacuum, iya kuhlala iyinto enye egcina yonke amandla ayitshintshanga.
Iipropathi kunye nokufumanisa
Ukuba senza ulingelo ngelensi, sinokubonisa kuphela ifoto enye kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuphikisa. Ngelixa uqhuba uvavanyo, ungabona ukuba kanjani ifoton iyakwazi ukwenza njengamaza kwaye iphazamisane nayo. Nangona kunjalo, nangona iziphatha njengomtshangatshangiso, ayiphulukani neempawu ezenza isuntswana. Oko kukuthi, inendawo ethile kunye nenani lokuhamba elinokulinganiswa.
Singazilinganisa iipropathi ezinazo njengombane kunye ne-particle ngexesha elifanayo kuba ziyinxalenye yesimo esifanayo. Ezi foton azinakubekwa emajukujukwini.
Ngokuqinisekileyo bacinga ukuba ngubani owaziyo le ndiyithethayo, kuba yonke into ibonakala inzima kakhulu. Makhe sazi ngcono ukuba ifotoni yafunyanwa njani ukucacisa izinto ezimbalwa. Njengoko sisazi, uAlbert Einstein wayengusosayensi omkhulu (ukuba ayingoyena mntu ulungileyo ngalo lonke ixesha) kwaye wazinikezela ngezifundo zakhe kwiifoto. Nguye owanika la masuntswana igama, awabiza ngokuba yi-quantum yokukhanya.
Oku kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX. U-Einstein wayezama ukucacisa imigqaliselo yovavanyo eyayingahambelani nophando olwalunokukhanya. Kwaye kwakucingwa ukuba ukukhanya kusebenza njengombane wombane kwaye hayi njengokuhamba kwamasuntswana abizwa ngokuba ziifotoni (nangona zona zinokuziphatha njengamaza).
Kungoko u-Einstein wakwazi ukuphinda alichaze kwakhona ubungakanani bokukhanya kwaye wamkele ukuba amandla okukhanya axhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubuninzi bawo. Ukongeza, umba apho ukukhanya kubekwe khona kunye nemitha ye-electromagnetic eqhutywa ziifoto zikulungelelwaniso olushushu (Kungoko ukukhanya kunokufudumeza umphezulu kunye nezinto).
Iifiziksi eziye zanceda ekufumaneni i-photon
Njengokuba le ayisiyonto ilula ukuhlalutya nokuphanda (kwaye kuncinci kwitekhnoloji eyayikho kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini nangaphambili), kungenxa yophando lwezinye i-physicists ezibalulekileyo ukuba ukukhanya kwakusaziwa njenge-particle hayi njengamaza.
Enye yeengcali zefiziksi uEinstein wayethembele kuye ekufumaneni ithiyori yakhe yayinguMax Planck. Lo sosayensi kwafuneka asebenze kuzo zonke iinkalo zokukhanya kunye bachaze ngokulingana kukaMaxwell. Ingxaki ebengenakukwazi ukuyisombulula kutheni ukukhanya okuqikelelweyo kwizinto kufike kumaqela amancinci amandla.
Xa u-Einstein wazisa ithiyori eyahlukileyo ngokubhekisele kwinto awayeyiqhelile, kwafuneka kuvavanywe. Ewe, bebesazi ngempembelelo yeCompton ukuba inkohliso yokuba ukukhanya kwenziwa ziifotoni ziyinyani.
Kuthe kamva, ngo-1926 inzululwazi uGilbert Lewis tshintsha i-quanta yokukhanya yokukhanya kwifoto nganye. Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithetha ukukhanya, ke lilungile ukulichaza.
Amandla kunye nokusebenza namhlanje
Iifoto zinokukhutshwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukuba isuntswana liyakhawuleziswa ngentlawulo yombane, ukuphuma kwalo kwahlukile, kuba linamanye amanqanaba amandla. Singayisusa i-photon, ukuyenza inyamalale kunye ne-antiparticle yayo. Ukusukela oko kwafunyaniswa ezi nzulu zikhankanyiweyo, ukuqonda kweefotoni kutshintshe kakhulu.
Okwangoku, imithetho ye-physics i-quasi-symmetric kwisithuba kunye nexesha, ke zonke izifundo ezenziwa kula masuntswana alula zichanekile. Ke ngoko, kuba zonke iipropathi zaziwa ngokweenkcukacha, ziyasebenza isisombululo esiphakamileyo semicroscopy, photochemistry nditsho nange umlinganiso wemigama phakathi kweemolekyuli.
Njengoko ubona, izifundo ezahlukeneyo ezaqhutywa ngaphezulu kwenkulungwane eyadlulayo zisinceda ukuba siqhubeke nokuqhubela phambili nesayensi namhlanje.