Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhiqiza amanzi azosetshenziswa ngabantu. Esinye sazo kungukuhlanza usawoti. Le nqubo yokwelashwa kwamanzi yenziwa esitshalweni isitshalo sokulahla usawoti. Inhloso enkulu yalesi sitshalo sokuhlanza usawoti ukuguqula amanzi anosawoti noma amakhemikhali abe ngamanzi alungele ukusetshenziswa ngabantu, ukuchelela noma ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ngenxa yokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, nsuku zonke ungabona ukuthi ungawabamba kanjani amanzi amaningi ukuze uwasebenzise kamuva.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngazo zonke izigaba eziyinhloko zenqubo yokwenza usawoti nokuthi yiziphi izici zesitshalo sokususa amanzi emanzini.
Izigaba zesitshalo sokukhipha amanzi emanzini
Sizobona ukuthi yiziphi izigaba zokuqala lapho isitshalo sokususa usawoti ekwazi ukwelapha amanzi.
Ukudonswa kwamanzi olwandle
Ngokuya ngohlelo lokubamba amanzi, noma ngabe kuvulwa kusetshenziswa izimpahla zasolwandle noma kuvalwe ngemithombo ejulile, ezinye izindawo zasolwandle, njll. Izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zingagwenywa. Zonke lezi zinyathelo zokuvuna amanzi olwandle bangasiza ekutholeni ukwelashwa okungcono okulandelayo kwamanzi.
Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa ukuthi amanzi atholwe yinye noma enye indlela abe nayo, akhombisa ukuthi izindawo ezivaliwe ziyathandeka ngoba ziyi:
- Amanzi ahlungwa phambilini ngumhlabathi, ngakho-ke kukhona okuncane okuqinile okumisiwe.
- Inomsebenzi omncane webhayoloji, ngakho-ke amakhemikhali athile ayagwenywa.
- Ukushisa namakhemikhali ukwakheka kwamanzi kuzinzile ngokwengeziwe.
Ukuzilungiselela ngaphambili
Kuyisigaba esisetshenziswa yisitshalo sokususa usawoti ukukwazi ukuguqula isimo somzimba samakhemikhali kanye nesezinto eziphilayo nezidingo zenqubo yokususa usawoti. Ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukugwema ukugqwala, ukukala nokuwohloka okulandelayo kwemishini.
Singahlukanisa izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa kwangaphambili:
- Ukuvuselelwa kwangaphambili komzimba kanye namakhemikhali: isebenza ngezinqubo ezithile ezifana ne-acidification, isikali inhibitors, flocculation, oxidation, decantation kanye ne-flotation. Ukubulala amagciwane, ukukhipha i-adsorption kanye ne-degassing nakho kuyingxenye yalokhu kwenziwa kabusha.
- Ukwenziwa kwangaphambili kolwelwesi: Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bungasetshenziswa ukuhlunga izinhlayiya ezincane ngokumiswa. Sisebenzisa ulwelwesi lwe-microfiltration, i-ultrafiltration noma i-nanofiltration Konke lokhu kuya ngosayizi wezinhlayiya. Lokhu kuzenzelwa kwangaphambili kufaka phakathi amathuba amasha emkhakheni wokususa usawoti njenge-reverse osmosis. Lokhu kusetshenziswa lapho amanzi enamandla amakhulu okubopha.
- Ama-Pretreatment wezinqubo zokuphuza iziphuzo kanye nokuhwamuka: Inhloso enkulu yalezi zinqubo ukukwazi ukuqeda imvula engenzeka kasawoti ongenakunyakaziswa kanye namagesi angenakubambeka okwazi ukunciphisa isilinganiso sokudluliswa kokushisa kwamanzi.
Inqubo yokwehliswa kwetyuwa
Lapho isitshalo sokususa usawoti sesivele siyenzile inqubo yangaphambi kokwelashwa, kunezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokususa usawoti ezifana ne-distillation, ukwehlukaniswa ulwelwesi nokubanda. Kodwa-ke, inqubo ezuza kangcono kakhulu izinga lamanzi elihle uma iqhathaniswa nezindleko zokuqalisa nokusebenza iyona osmosis ebuyela emuva. ESpain sinesilinganiso esihle se-reverse osmosis, ngoba kungatholakala inani lokuguqula elingama-45%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ukuze kutholakale izingxenye ezingama-45 zamanzi anosawoti, kudingeka izingxenye eziyikhulu zamanzi ezithelo.
Ukwehliswa kokusetshenziswa kwesistimu yamandla omfutho ophakeme ngokufakwa kohlelo lokuvuselelwa kwamandla wamandla okwenqaba kuye kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Baqala ngo Imishini ephehla ugesi kaFrancis, baqhubeka nemishini yenjini iPelton futhi namuhla kunamagumbi ayi-isobaric. . Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwesigaba se-osmosis sehlile kusuka ku-8kWh / m3 kuma-70s kuye ku-2,3kWh / m3 namuhla.
Ukwelashwa ngemuva kwesitshalo se-desalination
Okunye ukwelashwa okunikezwa amanzi ukuze ukwazi ukuwahlanza emanzini nge-Post-treatment. Imayelana nokwelashwa kwamanzi atholakele ukwehlisa ubunzima bawo kanye ne-alkalinity. Kulesi sigaba ukulungiswa kwazo zonke amapharamitha wokukwazi ukuvumelanisa nokusetshenziswa kwabantu, ukuchelela noma ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni. Ngokuya ngokuthi amanzi asetshenziswa kanjani, lokhu ukwelashwa kwangemuva kungenzeka noma kungafuneki kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, abakwa-brines abalahlwayo bayasuswa ngenhloso yokuba nomthelela omncane kwezemvelo. Ngakho-ke empeleni, kunjalo. Izitshalo zokuhlanza usawoti zingaba nemithelela emibi kwezemvelo olwandle nasogwini lapho kukhishwa khona i-brine.
Izinzuzo nobubi besitshalo sokususa usawoti
Sizobona ukuthi iziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga ezinkulu zokuba nomshini wokususa usawoti ukuze kukhiqizwe amanzi.
Izinzuzo
- Eminye imithombo iveza ukuthi imele u-3% womhlaba osetshenziswayo kanye no-3% wokufuduswa komhlaba ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwe-Ebro ebonwe ngaphambili ku-National Hydrological Plan Law (PHN), esivele ichithiwe.
- Uhlelo lokuhlanza usawoti isebenzisa amandla angaphansi ngama-30% kunalokho okudingekayo ukwenza ukudluliswa.
- Amandla avuselelekayo angasetshenziselwa ukusebenza kwesitshalo sokukhipha usawoti, ngoba iSpain inezindawo eningizimu nasempumalanga lapho kutholakala khona ilanga nomoya.
nebubi
Njengoba ungalindela, isitshalo sokulahla usawoti nakho kunezithiyo zako:
- Ngenkathi kukhishwa amanzi olwandle kukhiqizwa udoti kasawoti ophonswa olwandle futhi kulimaza izitshalo zasolwandle. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi usawoti omningi uthelwa emanzini futhi wengeze usawoti wamanzi ashiwo.
- Ukufakwa kabusha kwe-osmosis kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kukagesi.
- Njengoba ziyizimboni, banempilo elinganiselwe.
- Amanzi anosawoti angalimaza ezolimo ngoba kukhona ezinye izitshalo ezizwelayo kumaminerali emanzini anosawoti.
- Imisebenzi yengqalasizinda emisha nebizayo kumele ihlaziywe ukuze kudluliselwe amanzi anosawoti ezindaweni lapho edingeka khona.
Izitshalo zokuhlanza isisu eSpain
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, eSpain sinesilinganiso ngokuya nge-reverse osmosis. Futhi lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngomlingani wenguquko ongu-45%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi Kumalitha wamanzi ayi-100 esiwafaka esitshalweni sokukhipha usawoti, amalitha angama-45 angaba nosawoti. Izinga lokuguqulwa elihle leli libheka izindleko zamandla.
Okungakuhle ukuthi ukwazi ukukhipha amanzi emanzini usebenzisa amandla avuselelekayo ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngesitshalo sokukhipha usawoti nezimpawu zaso.