Of izinto zokubasa Ungakhipha imikhiqizo eminingi esetshenziswa ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke. Iningi lemikhiqizo Izakhi zePetroleum yilezo ezikhishwe kuma-hydrocarbon futhi zicutshungulwa ezindaweni zokuhluza. Le mikhiqizo ivame ukudideka ngama-petrochemicals, angamakhemikhali amsulwa, kuyilapho lawo atholakala ku-petroleum eyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-petroleum derivatives.
Yini okuphuma kuphethiloli
Iphatha imikhiqizo evela kuma-hydrocarbon acutshungulwa ezindaweni zokuhluza. Kunesidingo semikhiqizo kaphethiloli lapho eminye imikhiqizo ingadalwa khona. Lawa ngamafutha asetshenziswayo asuka kuphethiloli kuya kuphethiloli kawoyela. Iningi lamafutha adalwe ngophethiloli angahlanganiswa ukuze kutholakale uphethiloli, udizili, izibaseli ze-turbine noma uwoyela wokushisa.
Eminye imikhiqizo ephuma kuphethiloli enesisindo esikhulu ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-asphalt, uphalafini, izinto zokuthambisa, itiyela kanye namanye amafutha anesisindo esikhulu. Amakhemikhali angakhiqizwa ezindaweni eziningi zokuhluza ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza amapulasitiki nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ngabantu. Isibonelo, i-petroleum coke ingumkhiqizo omakethwayo owenziwe ezindaweni zokuhluza.
Yize kunezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, okuvame kakhulu ngamafutha kaphethiloli asetshenziselwa ukufudumeza nokukhiqiza ugesi noma i-asphalt. I-asphalt iyona esetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo. I-petroleum ingasetshenziswa futhi njengempahla eluhlaza ye- dala izinto zokwenziwa, amapulasitiki namakhemikhali asetshenziswa ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke.
Njengomkhiqizo odoti ngemuva kokucwengwa kukawoyela, kwenziwa ezinye izinsalela ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ezinye izinto. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunemikhiqizo engaphezu kuka-6.000 engenziwa ngemfucumfucu yokuhluza. Okuvame kakhulu umanyolo, izinambuzane, i-petroleum jelly, insipho, i-linoleum, amakha, ama-vitamin capsules, njll. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, uwoyela uzama ukuwusebenzisa ngokugcwele.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umphongolo kawoyela unomthamo wamalitha ayi-150. Lomgqomo kawoyela ungenza amalitha angama-75 kaphethiloli. Wonke lo mgqomo usetshenziselwa ukwenza amakhulu emikhiqizo yansuku zonke. Okunye okuvame kakhulu wu-inki, upholishi wezipikili, iminyango, okokuxubha, izingcingo, amakhamera, amapulasitiki, okokuhlanza, ama-antiseptics nemibala.
Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli esetshenziswa kakhulu
Sizohlaziya ukuthi yimiphi imikhiqizo kaphethiloli esetshenziswa kakhulu.
I-Asphalt
I-Asphalt iluketshezi olunamathelayo, olumnyama, olubonakalayo. Kungashiwo ukuthi kuyindlela eqinile kunazo zonke kawoyela ekhona. Isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwamaphothifoliyo. I-Asphalt nayo ingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukungena kophahla kwamanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuyinto engalungiswa kalula futhi engavumeli amanzi ukuba angene ngayo.
Imicu yokwenziwa
Lezo ezikhiqizwa ngemikhiqizo ye-petroleum zivame kakhulu. Phakathi kokuvame kakhulu sithola i-polyester, inayiloni, engasindi ne-acrylic. Ububi bale micu ukuthi ingcolisa imvelo. Ezinye izinhlayiya zale micu zihlala emvelweni futhi zigcina sezisolwandle, zingcolisa imvelo yasemanzini. Kunososayensi abaningi abazama ukudala imicu kusuka ezintweni ezenziwe kabusha nge-petroleum derivatives.
I-Propane
I-Propane ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukungena ngaphakathi isitofu sasekhishini, izinjini nokushisa okuphakathi nendawo. I-Propane njengamanje isetshenziswa njenge-biofuel. Idalwe kusuka ekucutshungweni kwegesi nokucwengwa kukawoyela. Ukuba umkhiqizo, awunakusetshenziswa kalula ukukhulisa ukufunwa. Lokho wukuthi, i-propane ayenziwa ngokuzithandela, kepha ingumkhiqizo wokuhluza uwoyela. Zingahanjiswa ngamasilinda ensimbi.
Izinto zokugeza
Yize kunezinye izindlela zokwenza okokuhlanza, lokhu kuyashesha kakhulu. Konga kakhulu ukwenza izihlanza ngemikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Ziyizinto zokuhlanza zokwenziwa futhi zinomphumela wokuthi zingadala ukucasuka emehlweni, amaphaphu, ukungezwani komzimba nesikhumba nesifuba somoya. Ezinye izifundo zithi zingaba yi-carcinogenic. Zingcolisa namanzi ngokucekela phansi izitshalo nezilwane.
Ipulasitiki
Iplastiki iyona ephuma ku-petroleum par excellence. Iningi lawo wonke amapulasitiki akhiwe ngale ndlela. Yize kungenakonakala okubolayo, amapulasitiki angenziwa kalula futhi ashibhile. Amelana namanzi futhi anokusebenziseka okukhulu ekusebenziseni kwawo. Ingesinye sezimbangela ezinkulu zokungcola emhlabeni wonke.
Izithako zevithamini
Ubani owayazi ukuthi izithasiselo eziningi zamavithamini zenziwa ngamavithamini akhiqizwa ngamafutha ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali. Izinkampani zenza lezi zithasiselo zamavithamini ngemikhiqizo ye-petroleum njengoba ibiza kancane kunokwenziwe ngemithombo yemvelo. Iningi lalezi zithako zamavithamini Ziqukethe uvithamini A, uvithamini B6, novithamini B9.
Amakha atholakala ku-petroleum
Lawa makha enziwa ngenhlanganisela yamafutha abalulekile ephunga kanye ne-solvent nokulungisa izinhlanganisela zephunga. Amanye yi-petroleum ether, i-toluene, i-benzene ne-hexane. Lapho inqubo yokukhipha isiqediwe, i-solvent ivame ukuhwamuka futhi ishiye into eqinile. Le nto egezwa nge-ethanol ukuze yakhe amakha.
Umanyolo
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okubaluleke kakhulu kukawoyela ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia esebenza njengomanyolo wezolimo. Lo manyolo uvame ukusetshenziswa ngokwemvelo ngezinqubo zebhayoloji nangomquba. Ngeshwa, ezolimo namuhla zidinga imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane eyenziwe ngezinto ezithathwa ngophethiloli ukuze izitshalo zikhule ngokungaguquguquki nangempilo. Inkinga ukuthi angcolisa amanzi nenhlabathi.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ngaphandle kukawoyela, abantu bebengeke babe nemikhiqizo eminingi kangaka esiyisebenzisayo nsuku zonke. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuphuma kukawoyela.