I-Golgi apparatus yi-organelle equlethe zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic (iiseli ezine-nucleus echazwe kakuhle kwi-cytoplasm yazo) kwaye iyinxalenye ye-endometrine system. I-organelle ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kweeprotheni ezininzi zeselula kunye ne-lipids, kwaye idlala indima ekupakisheni izityalo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba yintoni na umsebenzi wesixhobo seGolgi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into omele uyazi malunga nomsebenzi wezixhobo zeGolgi, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yintoni isixhobo saseGolgi
Yi-organelle ebalulekileyo yokwenziwa kweeprotheni ezininzi zeselula kunye ne-lipids kunye nemisebenzi njengesityalo sokupakisha: idibanisa, ipakisha izinto eziveliswa ziiseli, kwaye isasazeke kwiindawo zabo ezifanelekileyo kwi-cytoplasm. Iiseli zinokuba nenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zixhobo zeGolgi. (enyanisweni, izityalo zinamakhulu), ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala kwi-cytoplasm kufuphi ne-nucleus kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiseli, isixhobo ngasinye sinokuqulatha inani eliguqukayo lamachibi apakishweyo okanye "iingxowa" eziqulathe iiproteni okanye iilipids. Ngale ndlela, i-organelle ebalulekileyo yokuphela kobomi beselula kunye ne-organic synthesis.
Isixhobo seGolgi sithatha igama laso ekufumaneni kwayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-1906, xa isazinzulu saseItali kunye nophumelele iBhaso leNobel kwiMedicine ngo-1897, uCamilo Gorgi, wayichaza ngempumelelo ngokweenkcukacha ngokusekelwe kuqwalaselo lokuqala olwenziwe ngo-XNUMX nguSantiago waseSpain. La Santiago.Ramón y Cajal, awabelana naye ngebhaso.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-electron microscopy emva ko-1950 wayixhasa ingcaciso kaGolgi ngokuchaneka okukhulu. Isixhobo se-Golgi siqukethe i-reticulum, iqela lee-saccules ze-membranous, oko kukuthi, i-submicroscopic, i-flat, iinqanawa ezifakwe kwi-stacked, ejikelezwe yinethiwekhi ye-tubular kunye neqoqo le-vesicles.
Ngaphakathi kwe-dictyosome nganye kukho iqela leeprotheyini "ezipakishwe". Enyanisweni, ukuthetha nge-dictyosomes, i-Golgi okanye inkqubo ye-Golgi ithetha ngento enye. Ubungakanani be-dictyosomes kunye namaqela e-Golgi apparatus iyaguquguquka, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweseli, uhlobo kunye nomzuzu we-metabolism yayo.. Ubukhulu bayo buqikelelwa phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-3 microns.
Ulwakhiwo
Isixhobo seGolgi sineendawo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza:
- Ummandla weCis-golgi. Elona candelo lingaphakathi, likufutshane ne-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), kulapho i-vesicles equlethe iiproteni ezisanda kwenziwa.
- ummandla ophakathi. Indawo yotshintsho phakathi kwemimandla yeCis kunye neTrans.
- Ummandla weTrans-golgi. Isondele kwi-membrane ye-plasma, apho iguqulwa khona ukuthumela iprotheni nganye kunye ne-lipid kwindawo yayo ethile.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo zeGolgi akukacaciswanga ngokupheleleyo.
Umsebenzi weGolgi Apparatus
Umsebenzi jikelele wesixhobo seGolgi "kukupakisha" kunye "nokuthegi" iprotein nganye vesicle ukuze uhanjiswe ngempumelelo kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kufana nesityalo esipakisha imveliso.
Ngaloo ndlela, imveliso yokuhlola i-Golgi ayinasici, ilungile kwaye idibene, idibanisa iimolekyuli ezilula kunye neziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zichonge ngokubhekiselele kwindawo yazo: ezinye ii-organelles okanye i-membrane zeseli, ukuba zigcinwe kwindawo.
Eminye imisebenzi yezixhobo zeGolgi ibandakanya:
- Ifunxa izinto ezivela kwi-cytoplasm. Njengamanzi, iishukela okanye i-lipids, ngakumbi ezo ze-secretory vesicles.
- yenza i-vesicles eyimfihlo. Idala iingxowa zeprotheyini ezihambisa umxholo wazo ngaphandle kweseli.
- yenza ii-enzymes. Ii-enzymes ezininzi zivela kule organelle kuba ziiprotheni ezinemisebenzi ethile.
- Yenza izinto ezikhethekileyo. Igalelo ekubunjweni kweembrane zeseli, iiseli ezikhethekileyo (ezifana nesidoda), iiprotheni (ezifana nobisi, njl.).
- i-glycoproteins efihliweyo. Iiprotheyini eziqulethe i-carbohydrates (iswekile) zakhiwe ngaphakathi.
- iilysosomes ziveliswa. Organelles uxanduva lokugaya iiseli.
Imibhobho yezothutho enqumla kwisixhobo saseGolgi ingaba zezi ntlobo zilandelayo:
- Ziqulethe iiprotheyini ezifikelela ngaphandle kweseli ngokukhupha i-constitutive secretion (exocytosis) eyenzeka kwi-plasma membrane.
- Ii-vesicles eziyimfihlo nazo zimiselwe ukufikelela ngaphandle kweseli, kodwa hayi kwangoko: iyakugcinwa kwiseli, ilindele uvuselelo oluxhokonxayo ukuba lwenzeke. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yimfihlo elawulwayo.
- Indawo ekuya kuyo yi-lysosome: i-organelle eveliswa yinkqubo yeGolgi ngokwayo, ejongene nokuphula izinto zangaphandle ezingena kwiseli (ukugaya kwamaselula).
Indlela yothutho yeGolgi
Indlela echanekileyo yendlela iprotheni edlula ngayo kwisixhobo seGolgi ayaziwa. Kodwa kukho iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili malunga nendlela eyenzeka ngayo:
- Imodeli yokuvuthwa kwamaqula. Ukwenza itanki entsha kuya "kutyhala" itanki endala kwisixhobo.
- Imodeli yothutho lwemoto. Ithiyori ithatha ukuba iGolgi yinto ezinzileyo kunye nesigxina kwaye ukuhamba kwee-vesicles kubangelwa iiprotheni zayo zangaphakathi.
Ukubaluleka
I-lysosomes eveliswa yi-apparatus ye-Golgi iqulethe i-hydrolytic kunye ne-proteolytic enzymes ekwazi ukuphula izinto ze-extracellular okanye imvelaphi ye-intracellular, oko kukuthi, uxanduva lokugaya iselula.
I-Lysosomes ziipokotho ze-enzymes ezinokuthi, ukuba zikhutshelwe kwiseli, ziya kutshabalalisa iseli ngokupheleleyo. Ke ngoko, ezi organelles zinenwebu ekhethekileyo ukuyimisa. I-Lysosomes idla ngokufumaneka kwiiseli zezilwanyana, kodwa kungekhona kwiiseli zezityalo.
Isixhobo sibalulekile kwiprotheyini yokuvelisa isekethe yeeseli kwaye, emva koko, kwiprotheyini yokuvelisa isiphaluka sezinto eziphilayo. Isebenza njengekhonkco phakathi kwangaphakathi kwiseli (i-nucleus kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum apho iiprotheni zenziwe) kunye nangaphandle kweseli. Yindlela ebalulekileyo yothutho lwe-biochemical.
Kwezinye iimeko, iziphene Golgi kunokukhokelela izifo ezifana mucolipidosis II, nto leyo echaphazela Golgi protein ukuqatshelwa koomatshini, ukuze I-cell digestion ayikwazi ukuqhubela phambili ngokufanelekileyo kwaye i-lysosomes igcwalisa izinto ezingaxutywanga. Esi sisifo sokuzalwa esinemiphumo ebulalayo engavumeli ukuphila ngaphaya kweminyaka eyi-7.
Ezinye izifo ezininzi kuphononongo lwangoku zicingelwa ukuba zivela kwiziphene zeGolgi, kubandakanya isifo sePelizaeus-Merzbacher, i-Angelman syndrome, i-wrinkled skin syndrome, kunye neDucheme muscular dystrophy, phakathi kwabanye.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomsebenzi wezixhobo zeGolgi kunye neempawu zayo.