Kwibhayoloji kukho inkqubo yokufa kweeseli kunye nokuza. Inkqubo ye- ukuxhomekeka kovavanyo yinkqubo apho iiseli zetyiswa ngokwe-enzymatic sisenzo se-enzymes yazo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iindlela ezisebenza ukukhokelela iseli ekufeni kwayo zibangelwa kwiseli. Yinkqubo eyimfuneko ebomini kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu.
Ke ngoko, kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, oonobangela kunye nokubaluleka kovavanyo oluzenzekelayo.
Yintoni i-autolysis
Yinkqubo apho isenzo seendlela ezahlukeneyo ezibangela ukuba iseli ngokwayo ife iqala ukwenzeka kwiseli. Xa ukufa kweseli kwenzeka, yaziwa ngokuba yi-lysis. Yinkqubo yoxolo yokuzithoba kwaye iye yaqwalaselwa ngexesha eliqhelekileyo lokukhula kunye nophuhliso lweebhaktiriya kunye nefungi. Kuninzi lwezi sizinzulu ezinye iipateni zisethelwe ukuvavanywa kovavanyo ukuze kusebenze ngandlela thile. Ngokufanelekileyo, Ukusekwa kuhlala ukuvavanywa kweeseli esele zifa, zenzakele okanye zenzakele. Kunokuthiwa le nkqubo yokuthotywa isidima yenzeka kwiiseli ezingasebenzi kakuhle.
Le nkqubo ikwenzeka nakwizicubu zezilwanyana nezityalo ezahlukeneyo, nangona kwezi zinto kubizwa ngokuba kukuzibulala ngokwakho. Yinkqubo engeyo yebacteria eyenzeka emva kokubhubha kweseli. Inkqubo yokuzibulala yabizwa sisazinzulu uSalkowski kwi-1890. Kulapha apho kwenzeka khona inkqubo ye-enzymatic eyenzeka kwiseli kunye neempawu zokucola ukutya. Namhlanje sele kusaziwa ukuba ii-enzymes ezinoxanduva lwale nkqubo ayizizo-mveliso ezivela kwi-lysis, kodwa kunoko ii-oki ngokwazo ezithatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zeselula.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kovavanyo oluzenzekelayo kushishino, Yonke le nkqubo iphinde yajongwa kubunzulu obukhulu. Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke le nto, iluncedo kakhulu kwigwele, ngakumbi ezo zisetyenziswa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvundisa kwiziselo ezinxilisayo. Isetyenziswa rhoqo kwiivenkile zokubhaka. Iziphumo zegwele ze-Autolytic zezo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imithombo yeendaba eyimfuneko yenkcubeko. Kwaye zezi zinto ziphuma kuzo zibonisa umthombo olungileyo wee-amino acid kunye nezinye izinto ezinesondlo kwimithombo yeendaba.
Oonobangela bovavanyo oluzenzekelayo
Siza kuhlalutya ukuba zeziphi izizathu eziphambili zokuba kutheni le nkqubo isenzeka. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zihlala zenzeka ekuphenduleni. Ukuba sihlalutya ii-unicellular eziphilayo, kule meko ii-microorganisms, siyabona ukuba imeko ye-autolysis iphendula kwiimeko ezininzi zokusingqongileyo. Phakathi kwale meko yokusingqongileyo kukho uxinzelelo lweoksijini olukhoyo, ukwenziwa kwendawo yenkcubeko, ubungakanani bezondlo ezikhoyo, ubukho bezinto ezinetyhefu, njl.
Ngokomzekelo, Ngexesha lokuvunda kwewayini okanye ibhiya, ukuvavanywa kwegwele kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Kule meko, zivela ngokuphendula kokuhla kwezinto ezinesondlo kulwelo olubilayo. Ikwaphendula kolunye utshintsho kwimeko yokusingqongileyo, njengokunyuka koxinaniso lwe-ethanol, eyenye yeemveliso ezivela kwimetabolism.
Ebantwini kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kukho iinkqubo ezithile ze-autolytic. Ezi nkqubo zinokwenziwa zisebenze ngokungenelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo okanye ezinye iinkqubo zonyango eziye zandiswa ixesha elide. Ukongeza, kukho izilwanyana ezininzi apho ukuvavanywa kovavanyo kwenzeka kwindawo esele kukho amanxeba okanye ukuqaqanjelwa sisisu kwaye kufezekisa umsebenzi wokuphelisa esi sihlunu. Uncedo lwe-autolysis kukuba banoxanduva lokususa izicwili esele zonakele. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela enye.
Kwezinye izicubu zezityalo, i-autolysis isebenza ngexesha lokukhula kunye nenkqubo yophuhliso. Iyangenelela ekuthuthweni kwamanzi kunye neegesi kwimibhobho ye-xylem. Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokonakaliswa kweeprotoplast ezifumaneka kwi-membrane kunye ne-cytosol ye-tracheids. Kwenzeka ngokuphendula kwisikhuthazo esenzeka ngexesha lokukhula kwesityalo.
Kwelinye icala, kukho iintlobo ezithile zefungi yefilamentous enokuthi iphinde ibe novavanyo lweeseli zayo. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-autolysis inokwenziwa isebenze ukuphendula kwiintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo okanye ezinye izinto eziyityhefu ezisetyenziselwa imeko-bume engqongileyo. Ngale ndlela, imeko yendalo esingqongileyo iyatshintsha kwaye neendlela ezikhokelela ku-autolysis ziqala umlilo.
Izigaba
Siza kuhlalutya zithini izigaba ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo ye-autolytic. Inkqubo esiza kuyichaza yile yenzeka kwiigwele. Nangona kunjalo, sinokuphinda siyikhuphe yonke le nto kuyo nayiphi na i-microorganism okanye kulo naliphi na iqela leeseli ezifumaneka kwizicubu zezityalo nezilwanyana.
Isigaba sokufa kweseli
Yonke inkqubo ye-autolytic iqala ngokufa kwesisele. Le nto inento yokwenza nokutshintsha kweeseli zeeseli, ngakumbi xa sithetha ngezinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic. Le nkqubo ivumela ii-enzymes zakho zokwetyisa ukuba zidibane nezinto eziza kuthotywa ngexesha lenkqubo ye-autolytic. Ezi enzymes zithatha inxaxheba zinoxanduva lokuhlazisa ii-substrates zazo zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Kuxhomekeke kudidi oluphezulu lunomsebenzi omnye okanye omnye. Kukho imozulu enoxanduva lokuthotywa kweeproteni, ukuthotywa kweenicic acid kunye nokuziqhekeza okanye ukukhulula ii-nucleosides, i-mononucleotides kunye ne-polynucleotides.
Isigaba sokuthotywa
Inxalenye yesibini yenkqubo ye-autolytic yenzeka kwi ukuthotywa kwezinto zamaselula zii-enzymes. Iiproteni kunye neepeptide zisebenza ngakumbi. Kwelinye icala, sikwanokuthotywa kodonga lweseli oluvumela ulysis yinyani okanye ukuqhekeka kweseli.
Iziphumo zenkqubo ye-autolytic zibonakala ngokucacileyo, kuba iseli iyafa kwaye inyamalale. Nje ukuba inyamalale, ishiya zonke iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezahlulwe kwiimolekyuli zayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga novavanyo oluzenzekelayo kunye neempawu zalo.