Izityalo zeSpermatophyte zezo zikhula zisuka kwimbewu. Lelona qela lezityalo eliguqukileyo kwaye lahlulwe laba ziinxalenye ezimbini: ii-angiosperms kunye imithambo. Nangona ezangaphambili zezona zibalaseleyo, iijimnosperms zezona zinomdla kwaye zineempawu ezingaqhelekanga.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele zonke iimpawu, indaleko kunye nezinto onomdla kuzo malunga nejimnosperms.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ezi zizityalo ezinemithambo spermatophytes eziveliswa ngembewu. Zizo ngokwazo ezivelisa imbewu eziza kuthi kamva zikhule. NgesiGrike igama i-gymnosperms lisinika umkhondo wazo zonke iimpawu abanazo. Kwaye kuthetha imbewu engenanto. Oku kusenza ukuba sazi ukuba imbewu yayo ihamba ze ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayikhuli kwi-ovary evaliweyo.
Eli qela lezityalo liphuhla kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, nangona ubukhulu becala sizibona kwindawo ezibandayo kunye neArctic. Kwihlathi sinokubona inani elikhulu leejimnosperms ezikwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezinobushushu kunye nemvula ngendlela yekhephu. Ezinye zazo zisetyenziswa njengezityalo zokuhombisa ngabantu okanye kwimveliso yeenkuni. Ezi zityalo zinomthi ophezulu. Yintoni egqithisile, I-gymnosperms zizityalo ezinobungakanani obukhulu kunye nobomi obude. Ezi ziimpawu ezahlula ngokucacileyo kwezinye iintlobo zezityalo.
Makhe sihlalutye ngakumbi nzulu ukuba yintoni amandla ayo.
Amagqabantshintshi e-Gymnosperms
Olona phawu luphambili kukuvelisa imbewu engakhuli ngaphakathi kwi-ovary. Ukongeza, zonke zizityalo ezikhula ngaphandle kweentyatyambo okanye iziqhamo. Nangona kunjalo, intyatyambo yayo inokucingelwa njengesebe lokukhula okulinganiselweyo elenza ii-cones okanye ii-cones. Ezinye zazo zivelisa amagqabi achumileyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba zii-sporophylls, ezinembewu ebonakalayo. Isini salezi zityalo sihlulwe kuba kukho amakhoni ababhinqileyo avelisa ii-ovules kunye nee-cones ezingamadoda ezivelisa umungu.
Ukuba sibuyela ekubuyeni kwazo zonke izityalo kwimbali yomhlaba sibona ukuba zizityalo zakudala kakhulu. Ngapha koko, baba ngabokuqala ukuba zizityalo zasemhlabeni kwaye bavelise imbewu. Imvelaphi yayo ifikelela esiphelweni sexesha leCarboniferous. Oku kunokwenzeka kuba ukuveliswa kwakhona kwezi zityalo ukwandisa indawo yokuhambisa kungenziwa ngaphandle kwamanzi. Kwaye ke uninzi lwazo ludluliselwa ipoleni ngenxa yomoya. Banokumelana kakhulu neemeko zemozulu ezinje ngamaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kunye nemvula ngendlela yekhephu.
Ngokubonakala kwayo kunye nolwakhiwo, Zizityalo ezomeleleyo ezinembonakalo yearboreal. Uninzi lwazo luneengcambu, iziqu, amagqabi kunye nembewu. Inezicubu zemithambo ezivumela ukuba zisasaze amanzi kunye nezinye izixhobo ezivela kwiingcambu ziye emagqabini. Ndiyabulela kula majelo emithambo ukuba angazondla kwizondlo ezisemhlabeni. Ukongeza, banokugcina amandla kwaye bafumane izondlo ngakumbi ngefotosinthesisi.
Ukuzaliswa kweejimnosperms
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kukho izityalo ezinee-cones ezingamadoda kunye nezinye, ezinje ngezabafazi. Ezi bhondi zamadoda zenziwe ngesikali kunye neengxowa ezimbini zomungu ezenza iinkozo zomungu. Iicones zabasetyhini zinkulu kwaye ziqulathe kuphela isikali esinee-ovules ezimbini. Kunokuthiwa ii-gametes ziinkozo zomungu ezijongene nokuchumisa ii-ovules.
Ngexesha lokuvelisa kwakhona kwezi zityalo, ngumoya ophetheyo wokuhambisa iinkozo zomungu kwiintyatyambo zamabhinqa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ii-gymnosperms zenza izixa ezikhulu zokungezwani komzimba nabantu. Ngexesha lokuzalisa, umoya ususa iinkozo zomungu kwaye ukuvelisa i-aleji kubantu abaninzi abanamajoni omzimba abuthathaka. Nje ukuba umoya uhambise ingqolowa ye-pollen kwiintyatyambo zamabhinqa kwaye ityhubhu yomungu ingena kwi-ovule, inika i-zygote emva kokudityaniswa kweebhetti.
Emva kokuchumisa, imbewu iyaveliswa kwaye i-inflorescence yabasetyhini iguquka ibe yipinapple ethi, emva kwethutyana, ivule ukukhupha imbewu. Ezi mbewu zinoxanduva lokwenza izityalo ezitsha xa ziwela emhlabeni.
U mzekelo
Siza kubona eminye yemizekelo ephambili yezityalo zejimnosperm, kuba kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kwewaka ezahlulwe kwayimiba engama-88. Ezinye zaziwa njenge-firs, pines, cypresses, junipers, cedars and araucarias, nangona ezinye zingenjalo. Eminye imizekelo yile ilandelayo:
Izityalo zeqela lee-pinophytes zezaziwa ngokuba zii-conifers. Zingaphezulu kwama-600 iintlobo zezityalo kwaye zonke zinomthi. Kukho iziqhamo ezihlala ziluhlaza. Uninzi lwazo lunamagqabi afana nenaliti ukuze iphile ngcono kwimozulu engathandekiyo.
- Kwiqela lasePináceas sinemipayini, imisipres, imisedare, imibungu okanye ii tsugas.
- I-Cupresáceas yimijunipha, imisipres kunye nee-sequoia.
- KwiiTaxáceas sinayo yew
- IiAracauriáceas
- KwiPodocarpáceas yi-lleuque okanye i-mañío.
I-Ginkgophites ibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi eziphelayo kwaye inye kuphela ephilayo. Zihlala zithathwa njengeefosili eziphilayo kwaye kuphela kodidi olukhoyo yile Ginkgo biloba. Iiccycad lelinye iqela leejimnosperm ekubonakala kwalo kufana nemithi yesundu. Okokugqibela, iignetophites zenza imidiliya kunye namatyholo amancinci aneziqu ezimfutshane kunye namagqabi anamaxolo.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-gymnosperms kunye ne-angiosperms
Kwangoko besikhankanye ukuba ezi zityalo zimbini zezona ziguquke kakhulu ngaphakathi kobukumkani bezityalo. Zombini zizityalo ze-spermatophyte vascular ezivelisa imbewu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi komnye wabo:
- Ii-Angiosperms zinembewu ejikelezwe ziziqhamo, ngelixa ii-gymnosperms ziyimbewu engenanto.
- IiGymnosperms azinazo iintyatyambo eziqhelekileyokunokuba, zihlala zineekhowuni.
- Amagqabi e-angiosperms ahlala ethe tyaba, ngelixa ii-gymnosperms Zilinaliti ukuze zikwazi ukuziqhelanisa nemozulu embi.
- I-Angiosperms zizityalo zonyaka, ngelixa ii-gymnosperms zihlala uninzi lwazo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngezityalo zejimnosperm kunye neempawu zazo.