Kwiplanethi yethu kukho i-ikhosistim ezahlukeneyo ezineempawu ezizodwa ezenza uhlaza kunye nezilwanyana ezikhula kuzo zahluke. Enye ye-ecosystem esiza kufunda ngayo yi-tundra. I izilwanyana zasendle Iphuhliswe kwindawo entsonkothileyo ngandlel’ ithile. Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokusingqongileyo ukuze ziphile kwaye ziphuhlise.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neempawu zezilwanyana ze-tundra, indlela abasinda ngayo kunye nendlela yabo yokuphila.
i-ecosystem ye-tundra
Singayichaza i-tundra njengeebhayom ezingenazityalo ngenxa yemozulu yazo, kuba ziindawo ezisuka kwimimandla encanyana yomhlaba. Le yindawo apho uhlaza luphantse lungabikho ukususela ngoko idlulela ngaphaya kwendawo ekhula kuyo imithi.
Noko ke, ngenxa yemozulu ebandayo nemanzi, umhlaba wawugutyungelwe bubulembu nobulembu, kwanemithi yomngcunube yaseArctic yayikhula kwezinye iindawo. Oku kubulela ehlotyeni layo, nangona lifutshane (elihlala lingekho ngaphezu kweenyanga ezimbini), libanda kakhulu kunobusika, nangona kunqabile ukuba lidlule i-10 degrees.
Kufumaniseka ukuba akufumani mvula ingako apha, ngoko ke uhlaza oluncinane olukhulayo lunokuxhasa ubomi yaye ngaloo ndlela lube kukutya kwezilwanyana zase tundra. Idla ngokuba yimiphezulu ethe tyaba enamagaqa omkhenkce ngaphantsi, anokuba phakathi kwe-30 cm kunye ne-1 m ubukhulu. Ngoko, amanzi akwezi ndawo akakwazi ukuthontsiza, ayagxadazela, enze amachibi kunye nemigxobhozo Babonelela ngokufuma okuyimfuneko ukuze izityalo ziphile.
Ukunyibilika okuqhubekayo kudala iintanda zejometri emhlabeni, kwaye apho umkhenkce ungapheli, amaqhuqhuva kunye neziduli zinokubonwa ngaphezulu. Kwakhona kulula ukufumana iindawo ezinamatye ezigqunywe yi-lichen, ezivumela iindidi zezilwanyana ukuba zibe neendawo zazo zokuhlala ezincinci.
izilwanyana zasendle ze-tundra
Ngenxa yemozulu engaqhelekanga ye-tundra, i-fauna kufuneka ilungele ukumelana nobushushu, ngoko kunokwenzeka ukufumana iintlobo esingaziboni kwenye indawo. Ezi ziquka:
- inyamakazi: zisoloko zisiya e-tundra xa kufika ihlobo kuba azikwazi ukumelana nobushushu kwenye indawo. I-tundra ibonelela ngemozulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 degrees.
- Musk inkabi. Ukongeza kwigama layo elithi "Musk", inevumba elinamandla elenza lithandeke kubasetyhini. Zigqunywe ngeenwele eziluhlaza, ezimdaka ngetshokholethi ezinokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwaye zinokukhula ziye kuthi ga kwi-60 cm ubude.
- Umvundla weArctic. Lo mvundla umhlophe unamachokoza amnyama kwiindlebe zawo ezinde ufana nomvundla, kodwa hayi, ngomnye wemivundla emikhulu ehlabathini. Inolusu olungqindilili olugqunywe ziinwele ezityebileyo nezithambileyo ezikhusela amaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
- ibhokhwe yekhephu: Luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwebhokhwe olunokufumaneka kwifauna ye-tundra, kuba iinwele zayo kunye namandla omzimba ziyenza ibe yinto efanelekileyo yokuhlala kwimozulu yale biomes.
- Imiba: ziimpuku ezincinci ezinoboya ezithi, ngenxa yokufuna ukwazi, siza kukuxelela, zidume ngokuthanda ukuzibulala, zikwenza ngokudibeneyo ngokuziphosela elwandle.
Ukongeza kwezi zilwanyana, ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ezifana neebhere ze-polar, iingcuka, iinkozi, izikhova zinokufumaneka kwi-tundra fauna; emanzini, iintlanzi ezifana nesalmon. Ukongeza kwifauna ye-tundra, kukho i-flora enkulu, ehlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko yingca kunye nezihlahla ezincinci, ngenxa yomswakama owenziwe ngumkhenkce ongaphantsi komhlaba.
Iindidi zetundra
i-arctic tundra
Singayibeka kwindawo esenyakatho ye-hemisphere phantsi kwe-Arctic ice cap, isuka kwintsimi engabonakaliyo ukuya kumda we-taiga-defined taiga. Kwimephu, iya kuba sisiqingatha seCanada kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeAlaska.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, sinokuyifumana umaleko womhlaba ongaphantsi onomkhenkce, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba yipermafrost, eyenziwe ikakhulu ngezinto ezicolekileyo. Xa amanzi ezalise umphezulu ongaphezulu, i-peat bogs kunye namachibi abumba, anikezela ngamanzi kwizityalo.
Izityalo zeArctic tundra azinazo iingcambu ezinzulu, kodwa kusekho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezinokumelana nemozulu ebandayo: amatyholo aphantsi, ubulembu, iisedges, imisundululu, kunye nengca... njl.
Izilwanyana ziqhelaniswa nokumelana nobusika obude, obubandayo kwaye zizala kwaye zande ngokukhawuleza ehlotyeni. Izilwanyana ezinje ngezilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye neentaka nazo ziyakwazi ukugquma amafutha. Izilwanyana ezininzi zilala ebusika ngenxa yokunqongophala kokutya. Enye inketho kukufudukela emazantsi ebusika, njengoko iintaka zisenza.
Ngenxa yokubanda kakhulu, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini zimbalwa okanye azikho. Inani labemi lihlala liphazamisekile ngenxa yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Alpine tundra
Ikummandla weentaba naphi na emhlabeni, kumphakamo obalulekileyo ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, kwaye akukho mithi ikhula kwaphela. Ixesha lokukhula limalunga neentsuku ezingama-180. Amaqondo obushushu ebusuku akholisa ukuba ngaphantsi kweqondo lomkhenkce. Ngokungafaniyo ne-arctic tundra, umhlaba okwiiAlps utsalwa kakuhle.
Ezi zityalo zifana kakhulu nezo zifumaneka kwi-Arctic kunye ziquka izityalo ezikhula njengengca, amatyholo anamagqabi amancinci kunye ne-heathers, imithi emincinci. Izilwanyana ezihlala kwi-alpine tundra nazo zilungelelaniswe kakuhle: izilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinjengeemarmots, iibhokhwe, iigusha, iintaka ezinoboya obunzima, kunye nezinambuzane ezinjengeebhungane, iintethe, amabhabhathane, nokunye.
i-antarctic tundra
Yenye yee-ecosystem ze-tundra ezingaqhelekanga. Sinokuyibona kuMzantsi Georgia nakwiZiqithi zeSandwich ezikuMzantsi, eziyinxalenye yoMmandla waseBritani, kwanakwezinye zeZiqithi zeKergallen.
sezulu
Ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo nokusondelelana kwayo nezibonda. Imozulu ye-tundra iya kuhlala ngaphantsi kweqhwa ixesha elininzi lonyaka, malunga neenyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezili-10. Masikhumbule izinto ezingaphiliyo, ezinjengomhlaba okanye umhlaba, iintaba, amanzi, umoya ojikeleze umhlaba, njl. Ibizwa ngokuba yibhayom kwaye inika umdla ukufunda.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubusika be-tundra bubude, bumnyama, bubanda kakhulu kwaye bomile, bufikelela ngaphantsi kwe -70 degrees Celsius kwezinye iindawo. Nangona umphezulu wekhephu uba nekhephu ixesha elininzi enyakeni, ukuna kwemvula ethile kwenzeka njengekhephu ehlotyeni, xa amaqondo obushushu ehla.
Kwiindawo ezinzima, iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi liyi -12 ukuya ku -6 degrees centigrade. Ebusika banokufikelela kwi-34 degrees centimeters, ngelixa ehlotyeni badla ngokufikelela kwi -3 ºC. Ukuba sithetha ngeendawo eziphakamileyo okanye iintaba, ehlotyeni zinokufikelela kwi-10 degrees Celsius, kodwa ebusuku kuya kuba ngamadigri ambalwa ngaphantsi kwe-zero ukuzikhusela.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezilwanyana ze-tundra kunye neempawu zayo.