Iinjini zeHydrogen ziyaqhubeka ukuba ngomnye wobhejo lwexesha elizayo kushishino lweemoto. Ukusebenza kwayo kuyinike uthotho lweengenelo, ukuyigcina idada phezu kwako nje ukusilela kwayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iToyota, iBMW, iMazda, iHyundai, iFord nezinye iibrendi zityale imali eninzi kobu buchwepheshe. Iinjini ezisebenzisa iHydrojeni ziquka iinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kunye neenjini zokuguqula iiseli zamafutha. Abantu abaninzi abazi isebenza njani injini yehydrogen kunye nezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo kuzo.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela indlela esebenza ngayo inyathelo ngenyathelo le-injini ye-hydrogen, zithini iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwihlabathi leenjini.
Isebenza njani i-injini yokutsha ye-hydrogen?
Ezi njini zisebenzisa i-hydrogen njengepetroli. Oko kukuthi, bayayitshisa kwigumbi lokutshisa ukudala ukuqhuma (amandla e-kinetic kunye nokushisa). Ngesi sizathu, iinjini zepetroli eziqhelekileyo zinokuhlengahlengiswa ukutshisa i-hydrogen ukongeza kwi-LPG okanye kwi-CNG.
Ukusebenza kwale njini kufana kakhulu nokwenjini yepetroli. I-Hydrogen isetyenziswa njengamafutha kunye neoksijini njenge-oxidant. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kuqalwa yintlantsi kwaye i-spark plug inokuvelisa intlantsi. IHydrojeni ayinayo iiathom zekhabhoni, ngoko impendulo yeyokuba iimolekyuli ezimbini zehydrogen zidibana nemolekyuli yeoksijini enye, zikhuphe amandla namanzi.
Isiphumo sokusabela kwayo ngemichiza ngumphunga nje wamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, iinjini zokutsha ze-hydrogen ziyakhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo ngexesha lokusebenza kwazo. Ngokomzekelo, ixabiso elincinci le-NOx ukusuka emoyeni kunye nobushushu obuvela kwigumbi lokutsha, okanye ukukhutshwa kokutshisa ioli ethile ngamakhonkco episton.
Njengoko i-hydrogen iyigesi, igcinwa kwitanki kunye noxinzelelo lwe-700 bar. Oku kumaxesha angama-350 ukuya kuma-280 aphezulu kunoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwetayara lemoto. (2 ukuya kwi-2,5 bar). Nangona kukwakho iimoto ezigcina i-hydrogen ikulwelo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi.
Iinjini zokutsha zeHydrojeni zibonelela ngeengenelo ezinomdla ngaphezulu kweenjini zokutsha eziqhelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, banokusebenzisa imixube emihle kakhulu (iLambda isondele kwi-2). Oko kukuthi, banokusebenzisa amafutha amancinci kakhulu ukusebenzisa wonke umoya ongenayo kwaye basebenze kakhulu.
Umzekelo wendlela esebenza ngayo injini yokutsha yehydrogen
Umzekelo omhle we-injini ye-hydrogen yi-BMW 750hl, eyafika kwimarike ngo-2000. Nangona eneneni iyinjini ye-BMW yepetroli, iyakwazi ukutshisa i-hydrogen.
Nangona kunjalo, inezithintelo ezininzi: Okokuqala, igcina i-hydrogen ikulwelo. Oku kufuna itanki ebiza kakhulu eyenziwe ngezinto ezivela kwi icandelo le-aerospace ukugcina ubushushu bayo bungaphantsi kwe-250ºC. Oku kunokufikelelwa kuphela kwiintsuku ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-14, ngelo xesha i-hydrogen iguquka ngokuthe ngcembe ibe ngumphunga ize ikhutshelwe ngokukhuselekileyo emoyeni. Ububi besibini kukuba ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen ulahlekelwa amandla amaninzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. I-BMW Hydrogen 7 kamva ukusuka ku-2005 yazisombulula ngokuyinxenye ezi ngxaki kwaye yandisa uxinzelelo lwe-hydrogen ukuya kwi-700 bar ngaphandle kokuyigcina ibanda.
Omnye umzekelo omhle yi-injini ye-hydrogen ye-Aquarius. Injini yefosili ephuhliswe yinkampani yakwaSirayeli efanele ukusetyenziswa kwehydrogen. Inguqulelo yokuqala esebenzayo yaziswa ngo-2014 kwaye ukususela ngoko kuye kwavela inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo nephuculweyo. Ngokutsho kwabaphuhlisi bayo, inokusebenza ngaphandle kokuthambisa ioli kwaye ine inkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngegesi ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-NOx.
Ukongeza, i-injini yokutsha ye-hydrogen yangaphakathi ilula kwaye inamalungu ambalwa, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuyivelisa. Ingasetyenziswa njenge-extender yoluhlu lwezithuthi zombane okanye njengejeneretha yenethiwekhi.
Isebenza njani i-injini ye-hydrogen fuel cell?
Igama layo elipheleleyo yi-fuel cell eguqulelwe kwi-hydrogen injini. Nangona igama elithi "amafutha", azitshisi i-hydrogen. Bayisebenzisela ukuvelisa umbane ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-reverse ye-electrolysis. Yiyo loo nto bephatha iibhetri zokutshintsha kwemichiza, njengakwinjini yokutsha ye-hydrogen, apho i-hydrogen igcinwe kwiitanki kunye noxinzelelo lwe-700 bar.
Kuphela nje ukuba endaweni yokondla kwi-motor, ihamba nge-anode kunye ne-cathode (njengebhetri) kwiseli yamafutha. Xa sele ilapho, irhasi yehydrogen (H2) idlula kwinwebu ize iyihlukanise ibe ziioni ezimbini zehydrogen. I-Hydrogen kunye nee-electron ezimbini zamahhala. Ezi electron zidlula kwi-anode ukuya kwi-cathode yebhetri ngokusebenzisa isiphaluka sangaphandle, ukudala umbane wombane. Iiion zehydrogen eziveliswayo zidibana neoksijini evela emoyeni ukuze zenze amanzi.
Ngesi sizathu, i-injini ye-hydrogen ye-fuel cell ayikhuphi, ekubeni ayivelisi i-NOx okanye iigesi eziveliswayo xa kutshiswa ioli njengenjini yokutsha yangaphakathi. Iidiaphragm ezisetyenziswa kwezi njini zenziwe ngeplatinam kwaye ziyabiza. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umsebenzi wokujongana nale ndleko iphakamileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiYunivesithi yoBugcisa baseBerlin baye baphuhlisa i-ferroalloy ukuba, ukuba ifakwe kwimveliso, inokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko.
Ukungalungi kweenjini ze-hydrogen
- Ii-Catalysts ezisetyenziselwa ukuphendula kweekhemikhali iinjini zehydrogen fuel cell zenziwe ngezinto ezibiza imali eninzi njengeplatinam. Ubuncinci de ithathelwe indawo yenye enye enexabiso eliphantsi, njengaleyo ikhankanywe kwiTU Berlin.
- Ukufumana i-hydrogen, kufuneka yenziwe ngeenkqubo ze-thermochemical zamafutha e-fossil okanye nge-electrolysis yamanzi, efuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukugxekwa okuphambili kweenjini ze-hydrogen, kuba umbane unokugcinwa ngokuthe ngqo kwibhetri yesithuthi sombane sokusetyenziswa.
- Emva kokuba i-hydrogen ifunyenwe, kufuneka ifakwe kwiseli okanye itanki yoxinzelelo. Le nkqubo ikwafuna inkcitho eyongezelelweyo yamandla.
- Iibhetri zeHydrojeni zibiza imali eninzi ukuvelisa kwaye kufuneka zomelele kakhulu ukuze zimelane noxinzelelo oluphezulu ekufuneka ihydrogen igcinwe ngalo.
Izinto ezilungileyo zeenjini ze-hydrogen
- Iibhetri zeHydrojeni zikhaphukhaphu kuneebhetri zesithuthi sombane. Yiyo loo nto ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuthutho olunzima kuphandwa njengenye indlela kwiilori zombane zebhetri. Ukuze ukwazi ukugubungela umgama omde, zinzima kakhulu.
- Namhlanje, ukutshaja i-hydrogen kukhawuleza kunokutshaja ibhetri yemoto yombane.
- Ngokungafaniyo neenqwelo zombane zebhetri, iimoto zeeseli ze-hydrogen azifuni iibhetri ezinkulu. Ke ngoko, ifuna i-lithium encinci okanye ezinye izinto ezinokuthi zinqongophele. Iinjini zokutsha ze-Hydrogen zangaphakathi azifuni ngokuthe ngqo iibhetri ze-lithium okanye ezinye iibhetri ezifanayo.
- Iiseli zamafutha zinokwandisa ubomi bemoto. Ngokungafaniyo neebhetri, ezibiza kakhulu ukubuyisela ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nomthamo wazo. Iibhetri ezinxulumene neenjini zehydrogen zincinci kwaye ngoko ke akubizi kakhulu ukuzibuyisela.
- Xa kuthelekiswa neenjini zefosili, ii-injini ze-hydrogen fuel cell zisebenzisa iimotor zombane kwaye zithe cwaka kakhulu.
Ukuzimela
Ukungalungi kweenjini ze-hydrogen kukuba iitanki zazo okanye iiseli ze-fuel kufuneka zibe ne-hydrogen kuxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu. Ngoko, indawo yokubonelela kufuneka kwakhona ihambelane noxinzelelo lwee-bars ze-700 ezixhasayo.
Oku kufuna ukuba kwakhiwe isiseko sobonelelo ukuze sikwazi ukugcwalisa olu hlobo lwesithuthi. Oko kwathiwa, inemiba efanayo neenqwelo zombane ezicocekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-refueling operation ikhawuleza kakhulu kunezi, kuba iyafana ne-LPG okanye isithuthi se-GLC.
Iimoto okwangoku zixhotyiswe nge-injini ye-hydrogen fuel cell inoluhlu olufana nepetroli. Umzekelo, iToyota Mirai ibhengeze i650 km enebhetri epheleleyo, iHyundai Nexo 756 km kunye neBMW iX5 Hydrogen 700 km.
Abanye abafana neHopium Machina babhengeze umgama oyi-1.000 km, nangona eli nani ngoku kuya kufuneka liqinisekiswe xa lisenzeka. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukuzimela akubalulekanga njengebhetri, kuba i-refueling ikhawuleza kakhulu. Into ekufuneka uyikhumbule linani lamanqaku epetroli.
Bakhuselekile?
Iimveliso zisebenze kolu hlobo lwe-injini iminyaka ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo kakuhle, ukunciphisa iindleko kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, zibenza bakhuseleke njengabo basebenza kumafutha efosili.
Ukongeza, imigangatho yokhuseleko efunwa yiYurophu, iUnited States kunye neJapan isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko lwezithuthi ezine-hydrogen. Akufuneki ukuthetha, iToyota iyayincoma loo nto itanki yerhasi yakwaMirai yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingakhuseleka kwiimbumbulu.
Ngaba siya kubona usuku apho zonke iimoto zibaleka kwi-hydrogen? Ixesha liya kubonisa yonke into. Kucacile ukuba ii-brand ziyaqhubeka kutyalo-mali kwaye zinezibonelelo ezithile eziyenza ibe yindlela efanelekileyo yokuthutha i-zero emission transport.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela injini ye-hydrogen esebenza ngayo, iimpawu zayo, iingenelo kunye nokungonakali.