Kwicandelo lekhemistri, ionization amandla. Ibhekisa kwelona nani lisezantsi lamandla elifunekayo ukuze likwazi ukuvelisa iqela le-elektroniki elangeniswa kwiathom kwisigaba segesi. La mandla ahlala ebonakaliswa kwiiyunithi zeekhilojuli ngemole nganye. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-chemistry, ngoko ke kunomdla ukwazi.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwamandla e-ionization.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Xa sibhekisa ku amandla ayithathayo ukukhupha i-elektron kwi-atom yesigaba segesi Sigxininisa ukuba eli gaseous ngurhulumente okhululekileyo kwimpembelelo ezinokuthi zenze iathom kubo. Siyakhumbula ukuba kwizinto ezikwimeko yegesi, naluphi na uhlobo lokunxibelelana kweemolekyuli lukhutshelwa ngaphandle kuba iiathom zichithakele kwenye nenye. Ubungakanani bamandla ombane yi parameter esebenza ukuchaza amandla apho i-elektron ibopha khona kwiathom eyinxalenye yayo.
Kuya kubakho iikhompawundi apho i-electron inayo amandla e-ionis aphezulu kwaye oko kuya kuthetha ukuba inamandla aphezulu ebond kwiatom. Oko kukuthi, amandla ombane omkhulu, kokukhona kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukwahlulahlula i-electron.
Amandla e-ionization amandla
Xa siqala ukufundisisa amandla e-ionization yento kufuneka siyazi amandla ayo e-ionization. Ayikho ngaphezulu komyinge omncinci wamandla ekufuneka usetyenzisiwe ukwenza ukuba i-electron ikhutshelwe kwiqokobhe elingaphandle le-athomu elikwimeko yayo esisiseko. Yintoni egqithisile, umthwalo kufuneka ungathathi cala. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba xa kuthethwa malunga namandla e-ionization, igama lisetyenziselwa ukuba ngalinye lisetyenziswe kancinci. Kungenxa yokuba ukumiselwa kwale propati kwakusekwe kusetyenziso lwamandla ombane kwisampulu eza kufundwa.
Ngokusebenzisa oku kunokwenzeka ngombane izinto ezininzi zenzekile: kwelinye icala, ionization yohlobo lweekhemikhali lwenzeka ngenxa yesenzo sombane. Kwelinye icala, inkqubo ukukhawuleziswa detachment le electron ukuba isuswe kwenzeka. Njengoko ubuchule be-spectroscopic baqala ukusetyenziselwa ukumisela amandla e-ionization, igama lezinto ezinokubakho zaqala ukutshintshwa zibe ngamandla. Kwangokunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba iipropathi zeekhemikhali zeathom zichongiwe kukuqwalaselwa kwee-elektroni ezikhoyo kwinqanaba lamandla angaphandle. Kula manqanaba ii-elektroni zikude nenucleus kwaye zinokunika ulwazi oluthe kratya.
Konke oku kuthetha ukuba amandla e-ionization kwezi ntlobo anee-elektroni ezikhoyo kwinqanaba lamandla angaphandle ahambelana ngqo nokuzinza kwee-elektroniki ze-valence.
Iindlela zokumisela amandla ombane
Zininzi iindlela zokumisela olu hlobo lwamandla. Iindlela ikakhulu zinikwa ziinkqubo zokufota. Uninzi lwezi nkqubo lusekwe ekumiselweni kwamandla akhutshwa zii-elektroni njengesiphumo sokusebenza kwesiphumo sombane. Enye yeendlela ezikhawulezayo zokulinganisa ubungakanani bamandla yi-atomic spectroscopy. Kukho enye indlela enomdla yokubala olu hlobo lwamandla, eyi-photoelectron spectroscopy. Kule ndlela yendlela, amandla apho ii-elektroni zidityaniswe kwiiathom ziyalinganiswa.
Ngaloo ngqiqo, Indlela eyaziwa njenge-ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy isetyenzisiwe, enegama elifinyeziweyo kwi-UPS yesiNgesi. Le ndlela iqulathe ubuchule obusebenzisa ukoyiswa kweeathom okanye iimolekyuli ngokusebenzisa imitha yelanga. Ngale ndlela, amandla apho ii-elektroni zenqanaba lamandla angaphandle afanelekileyo abotshelelwe kwi-nucleus ye-athomu anokulinganiswa ngcono. Konke oku kwenziwa ukwenzela ukuhlalutya utshintsho olunamandla lwee-elektroni zangaphandle zohlobo lweekhemikhali ezifundwayo. Isetyenziselwa ukufundisisa iimpawu zonxibelelwano ezenza phakathi kwazo.
Enye indlela yokwazi amandla e-ionisisi yindlela ye-X-ray yefoto yeekopi zendlela. , isantya ezigxothwa ngayo ii-elektroni kunye nesisombululo esifunyenwe.
Eyokuqala neyesibini amandla eionization
Kwimeko yeeathom ezinee-elektroni ezingaphezulu kwesinye kwinqanaba elingaphandle, sifumanisa ukuba ixabiso lamandla ayimfuneko ekususeni i-elektron yokuqala kwi-athomu yenziwa ngokuphendula kwamachiza endothermic. Ii-athomu ezinee-elektron ezininzi zibizwa ngokuba zii-polyelectronic atom.. Ukuphendula kwamachiza kuyaphela ngenxa yokuba iyeka ukubonelela ngamandla kwi-athomu ukuze kufumaneke i-electron eyongezwe kwi-cation yale nto. Eli xabiso laziwa njengamandla okuqala ioni. Zonke izinto ezikhoyo ngeli xesha linye zanda ngokulinganayo njengoko inani leathom lonyuka.
Oku kuthetha ukuba bancipha ukusuka ekunene ukuya ekhohlo ngexesha kwaye ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi ngaphakathi kwiqela elinye elikhona kwitheyibhile yamaxesha. Ukuba silandela le nkcazo, iigesi ezintle zinobukhulu obuphezulu kumandla azo e-ionization. Kwelinye icala, izinto ezithi Bayinxalenye yeqela lealkali kunye nealkali zomhlaba kwaye banexabiso eliphantsi lale mandla.
Ngendlela efanayo naleyo sichaze ngayo amandla okuqala, ngokususa i-elektroni yesibini kwi-atom enye, amandla e-ionization yesibini ayafunyanwa. Ukubala la mandla, iskimu esifanayo siyagcinwa kwaye ii-elektroniki zilandelayo ziyasuswa. Ukusuka kolu lwazi kufunyenwe ukuba isiseko se-elektroni esivela kwiatom ekwimeko yomhlaba siyanciphisa esi senzo siphindayo sibona sikhona phakathi kwee-elektroni ezisele. Le propati yaziwa njengentlawulo yenyukliya kwaye ihlala ihleli. Inani elikhulu lamandla liyadingeka ukukrazula enye i-electron yeentlobo ze-ionic ezinexabiso elifanelekileyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga namandla e-ionization.