I-asbestos yinto eyityhefu kakhulu ebantwini. Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili ezifana nenani le-asbestos particles inhaled, ixesha lokuvezwa kwezinto eziphathekayo okanye uhlobo oluthile lwe-asbestos, kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezinzulu ezifana ne-asbestosis, imiphunga okanye umdlavuza we-pleural, njl. Ngale ngqiqo, kubalulekile ukuyichonga ukuphepha iingxaki. Abantu abaninzi abazi indlela yokuqonda iasbestos.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ukuze ufunde ukuqaphela iasbestos kwaye uphephe iingozi zayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ngaphambi kokuba sifunde ukuqaphela i-asbestos, kufuneka sazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo. Ngokubhekiselele kwiipropati zayo, ukuchasana nokushisa, ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo kwenza kube yinto efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa njengento ekhuselayo kwishishini le-textile nakweminye imimandla emininzi. Iingozi ze-pathogenic ze-asbestos ziyaziwa iminyaka emininzi ngenxa ubukho babo bexesha elide kwizicubu zemiphunga kunye nezifundo zibonise ukuba iguqula umsebenzi we-mucociliary host, i-activation macrophage, kunye nokukhululwa komlamli ovuthayo, kwaye inxulumene nomsi wecuba. Ngokubhekiselele kumandla ayo omhlaza, ide yadityaniswa neentsholongwane ezithile.
I-Asbestos yiminerali eyaziwayo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Iimbekiselo ezininzi zembali ziyakungqina oku. Yafunyanwa kwizitya zomdongwe zaseFinland ezaqala kwiminyaka engama-4.500 XNUMX eyadlulayo; abanye bathi yayingumsonto wesithixokazi uAthena ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC. C. Yenziwe ngeasbestos. Ngenxa yeepropathi ze-asbestos, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kwaye ngoku zingaphezulu kwamawaka amathathu izicelo ezaziwayo, kodwa ukongeza kusetyenziso lwayo olukhulu, yonyusa umngcipheko obalulekileyo. imbangela yesifo ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, ngakumbi kwixesha elide, ngenxa yexesha layo lokufukamela elingaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini.
Iimpawu zeAsbestos
I-Asbestos zi-silicates zentsimbi, i-sodium, i-magnesium kunye ne-calcium kunye nesakhiwo se-crystalline esicwangciswe kwiintsinga ezintle kakhulu ezidibanisa ukwenza iifayili (iifayili: ezinkulu kune-5 microns ubude, ngaphantsi kwe-3 microns kunye ne-3 microns enkulu ububanzi). /ububanzi).
Ngaba ingxinano emalunga ne-2,5 kunye nendawo yokunyibilika ngaphezulu kwe-1.000 ºC. Ngenxa yokwakheka kweekhemikhali, aziiminerali ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu (zitshatyalaliswa kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-800 ºC).
Ziyakwazi ukumelana ne-alkalis (i-chrysotile) kunye ne-acids (ingakumbi i-amosite kunye ne-crocidolite), kungenxa yoko le nto yokugqibela isetyenziswe njenge-insulators kumashishini. Iintsinga zeChrysotile ziyaguquguquka (ezisetyenziswa kushishino lwempahla elukiweyo); Iintsinga ze-amphibole ziba brittle ngakumbi. Ziyi-retardant flame and insoluble, zinombane omkhulu kunye nokumelana nokunxiba, yiyo loo nto zithathwa njengezingenakonakala.
Ubungozi
Xa uphefumla, imicu ye-asbestos idlula kwindlela yokuphefumla, ngelixa ezo zidlula kwi-mucociliary system zingena kwi-alveoli, apho zinokuthi zifakwe phagocytosed yi-macrophages, isuswe yimikhumbi ye-lymphatic okanye ibe ne-fibrotic okanye i-carcinogenic effects.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-asbestos fibers zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezimisela umngcipheko wesifo. Ubuthi bemicu ye-asbestos ihambelana nesakhiwo semicu yayo, ekubeni i-asbestos yomhlaba ayibangeli izifo.
Ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuphuhlisa izifo, zombini ukuqina kunye nobude be-exposure kubalulekile. Phanda i-stroke thresholds xa ukhangela i-stroke thresholds, ngaphantsi apho akukho mngcipheko. Kukho imigangatho yabasebenzi yokutshintsha kunye nokuxinana kwefiber kwimo engqongileyo.
Umthamo we-asbestos fibers ukubangela i-pathology ibonakala ixhomekeke kwi-aerodynamic diameter, ubude kunye nexesha lokuhlala kwi-tissue. Imicu emikhulu yobubanzi ifakwe kwimpumlo, i-trachea kunye ne-bronchi enkulu kwaye ikhutshwe yinkqubo ye-mucociliary. Abo bancinci, abaqhubela phambili, bafikelela kwi-bronchioles yokuphefumula.
Indlela yokuqonda iasbestos
Ngokobuchwephesha, iasbestos yenziwe ngamaminerali e-asbestos. Ezi zinto zinemicu emide ebhetyebhetye ngokwaneleyo ukuba ijije kunye. Yimpahla echasene nazo zonke iintlobo zeendaba zangaphandle, kubandakanywa nomlilo. Nangona kunjalo, umntu ongaziyo ukuba yintoni na iasbestos ekhaya unokubona lula ubukho bayo. Jonga nje umhla kulo naliphi na iphepha lentsimbi: ukuba kungaphambi kuka-2021, mhlawumbi yi-asbestos, njengoko ngaphambili yayiyeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu.
Enye indlela efanayo kukukhangela amaxwebhu e-cap okanye uphahla. Kwezinye iipropathi, umnini uyazihambisa ngokwakhe, nangona kunjalo, unokuhlala ubeka iodolo yakho. Uxwebhu ngokwalo luya kubonisa ukuba inxalenye ekuthethwa ngayo iqulethe iasbestos. Ukuba awufumani amaxwebhu, unokuhlala ujonge ngqo kwisilingi okanye umbhalo okwisilingi. Ukuba i-acronym NT ("iTekhnoloji eNtsha") ibonakala, ithetha ukuba ayinayo i-asbestos, kodwa kunokuba i-glass fibers.
Enye indlela efanelekileyo yokuchonga i-asbestos ngumbala. Olu qikelelo lulandelayo lunokwahlulwa:
- IBlanco. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ikwimo yechrysotile. Igcwele kwiisilingi, iindonga kunye nemigangatho. Njenge-insulator efanelekileyo, kulula ukuyifumana kwimibhobho yamanzi, imibhobho yamanzi, kunye nezixhobo zombane, kunye neegaskets zebhoiler kunye netywina.
- Ntsundu. Yintsimbi ekrwada kwaye ixhaphakile kwiibhodi zesamente. Ezinye iindawo apho inokuvela khona kwimibhobho, iipaneli zokugquma, iithayile kunye nezinto ezilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukugquma kwe-thermal.
- Azul. Iqhelekile kwi-crocidolite, into eqhelekileyo yokukhusela iinjini zomphunga. Olunye usetyenziso olunokubakho kwesi sixhobo lunokufumaneka kwiiplastiki, kwiimveliso zesamente, kwimibhobho, nakwizinto zokutshiza.
- Ingwevu okanye eluhlaza. Mhlawumbi yayivela kwibhokisi yelitye evela eChiba. Nangona isasazwe ngezixa ezilinganiselweyo, ikwasetyenziswa kwiimveliso zokugquma kunye nezinto zokwakha.
- Luhlaza, okanye elubala. Zizimbiwa ezimbini zeekhemikhali, i-tremolite kunye ne-actinite, ezixhaphake kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-asbestos.
Enye indlela elula yokufumanisa ukuba unayo iasbestos kukuqokelela isampulu encinci kwaye uyithumele elebhu ukuze ihlalutywe. Le yindlela ethembeke kakhulu kuba ixhaswa yinzululwazi yaselabhoratri, nangona iyingozi kakhulu kuba unokuvezwa ngakumbi kwinto leyo.
Kunokuchazwa ukuba eyona nkqubo ikhuselekileyo nencinane kukuya kwingcali. Ngoko ke, ukuba unesikrokro esincinci sokufumana i-asbestos ngexesha lokulungiswa kwendlu yakho, musa ukuchitha umzuzu kwaye uqhagamshelane neengcali ngokukhawuleza. Xa zixhotyiswe ngempahla kunye nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, zizo kuphela ezikwaziyo ukuphatha le nto.
Ngokusisiseko, yintoni ingcali eya kuyenza susa zonke izakhiwo ezifakwe kule nto. Kufuneka yenziwe ngokukodwa, igcinwe kwingxowa yokhuseleko etywiniweyo, kwaye ithuthelwe kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma egunyazisiweyo.
Khumbula ukuba ungachukumisi nantoni na equkethe i-asbestos ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, njengoko la maqhekeza asasazeka ngokulula kwaye ahlale emoyeni ixesha elide. Ukuphumla, kufuneka siqhubeke sitshintsha izinto ezisusiweyo kunye nezinye iindawo ezenziwe ngezinto ezincinci ezingcolisayo, nokuba zendalo okanye zenziwe.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuqonda i-asbestos kunye neempawu zayo.