Amanzi yinto ekufuneka siyiphile ukuze kubekho ubomi emhlabeni njengoko sisazi namhlanje. Inkqubo ye- imolekyuli yamanzi Iqulethwe ngama-athomu amabini e-hydrogen kunye ne-athomu enye ye-oksijini ehlangene ne-bond covalent. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiathom ezimbini zehydrogen kunye neoksijini enye zibumbene ngenxa yokuba zabelana ngee-elektroni phakathi kwazo. Ifomula yemolekyuli yamanzi yi-H2O. Zininzi izinto ezinazo iimolekyuli zamanzi kwaye sinombulelo kuye ngenxa yokuba kukho iinkqubo ezininzi ezinikezela kuphuhliso lobomi.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nemolekyuli yamanzi.
Uhlalutyo lweemolekyuli zamanzi
Ukuba sihlalutya le molekyuli sinokubona ukuba i-engile yokuncamathiselwa kwesibophelelo esidibeneyo phakathi kwehydrogen kunye neoksijini ukusuka kwi-104.5 degrees. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngohlalutyo olubonakalayo kunye ne-X-ray.Umgama ophakathi kwe-hydrogen kunye neeathom zeoksijini ngu ka-96.5 pm okanye, yintoni efanayo, 9.65 • 10-8 millimeters.
Le migama ayinakuthelekiswa nayo nayiphi na into enokubonwa liliso lomntu. Ukulungiswa kwee-elektroni kwimolekyuli yamanzi yeyona nto inxibelelanisa i-asymmetry yombane kuba kukho inqanaba elahlukileyo lokukhetha amandla phakathi kwe-hydrogen neoksijini. Sibiza ukungakhethi kwamandla ku isakhono se-athomu sokutsala ii-elektronon ezabiweyo kwibhondi edibeneyo. Siyakhumbula ukuba ibhondi edibeneyo yinto esekwe phakathi kweeathom ezimbini ezingezizo zesinyithi.
Kuba ioksijini ine-electronegativity ngaphezulu kune-hydrogen, ii-elektroni kunokwenzeka ukuba zisondele kwi-athomu yeoksijini kune-athomu ye-hydrogen. Kungenxa yokuba ii-elektroni zihlawuliswe kakubi. Inyaniso yokuba ii-elektroni ziya ubukhulu becala kwiiathom zeoksijini zenza ukuba iathom ye-hydrogen ibe nentlawulo entle. Le ntlawulo ibizwa ngokuba yintlawulo efanelekileyo. Ioksijini ibizwa ngokuba yintlawulo engathandekiyo.
Umahluko phakathi kwee-elektroni ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ezikufutshane kuzo zombini iiathom zenza imolekyuli yamanzi ibe yimolekyuli ye-polar. Oko kukuthi, imolekyuli inenxalenye ngesibonda esibi kunye nenye indawo enepali efanelekileyo. Nangona yonke imolekyuli ingathathi hlangothi, ivela kolu phawu lwe-polar apho zonke iipropathi ze-physicochemical kunye ne-biological ezivela kuyo.
Unxibelelwano phakathi kweemolekyuli
Xa iimolekyuli zamanzi ezininzi zisondele kakhulu komnye nomnye ziyakwazi ukuseka ukulandelelana phakathi kweeathom zeoksijini zeemolekyuli ngokwahlukeneyo. Kungenxa yokuba ioksijini inentlawulo engeyonyani kwaye enye yehydrogens ineentlawulo ezithile ezithile. Ke ngoko, indawo elungileyo yemolekyuli enye yamanzi itsaleleka kwicala elingalunganga lelinye iamolekyuli yamanzi. Olu hlobo lokunxibelelana phakathi kweemolekyuli lubizwa ngokuba ngumthombo wehydrogen. Kwenzeka kakhulu kwezi molekyuli kuba ziya-odolwe ngohlobo lokuba Imolekyuli nganye yamanzi iyakwazi ukudibanisa nezinye iimolekyuli ezi-4. Olu hlobo lokudibana lwenzeka ngomkhenkce.
Iibhondi phakathi kwe-hydrogens zenzeka ngenxa yenyani yokuba kukho i-athomu enexabiso elibi kunye ne-hydrogen enexabiso elifanelekileyo. Oku kwenza amakhonkco angahlukanga emanzini. Ezi zibophelelo zonxibelelwano zenzeka kwi-nitrogen, i-fluorine, kunye ne-hydrogen kwezinye iimolekyuli eziqukethe iiproteni kunye ne-DNA.
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iipropathi ze-physicochemical zemolekyuli yamanzi. Phakathi kwezi zinto kunye neempawu sinokuqaqambisa amandla kunye nokunyibilikisa. Akufanele silibale ukuba amanzi athathwa njengesinyibilikisi sendalo iphela. Olunye uphawu lwemolekyuli yamanzi bubushushu balo obuphezulu kunye nobushushu bomphunga. Ikwanobumbano olukhulu kunye nokubambelela, uxinano olungaqhelekanga, kunye nemisebenzi njengesixhobo seekhemikhali.
Ukuba sisebenzisa iipropathi zamanzi siyabona ukuba iyakwazi ukusasaza inani elikhulu leekhompawundi ngaphakathi kwayo ngenxa yesimo sayo se-polar. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, nangona yonke imolekyuli ingathathi cala, inyani yokuba inenxalenye elungileyo nenxalenye engeyiyo yile Inika iipropathi ze-physicochemical apho amanzi ayimfuneko ebomini. Yiyo loo nto isebenza ngeetyuwa kunye nezinye izinto ze-ionic apho imolekyuli yamanzi iqondisa iipali zayo. Ukuqhelaniswa kwezibonda kunikezelwa njengomsebenzi weentlawulo ze-ions ezimbini, ukubeka ipolisi engalunganga kwelinye icala kunye nepali efanelekileyo kwelinye. Umzekelo, ngezinto ezibandayo ezifana ne-ethanol, amanzi enza ngendlela efanayo. Ichasa ipali enye ngokuchasene nomnye umqondiso ochaseneyo wento leyo.
Iipropathi zemolekyuli yamanzi
Imolekyuli yamanzi inobushushu obuphezulu obuphezulu. Olu bushushu oluthile alukho ngaphezu kobushushu obufuna ukulawulwa i-gram yamanzi ukuze ikwazi ukuphakamisa iqondo layo lobushushu kwinqanaba elinye. Kwelinye icala, sinobushushu bomphunga. Eli lixabiso lomphunga ekufuneka lisetyenziswe kwigrama yolwelo ukuze igqithe kwigram yomphunga. Siyazi ukuba imolekyuli yamanzi inobushushu obukhethekileyo kunye nomphunga ngenxa yeebhulorho ezijoyina iiathom zehydrojeni. Oko kukuthi, ukunyusa ubushushu bamanzi kwinqanaba elinye, zonke iimolekyuli kufuneka zonyuse ukungcangcazela kwazo. Ukwenza oku, baphula iibhondi ze-hydrogen ukuze bakwazi ukudlulisa igrama yamanzi angamanzi kwigram yamanzi omphunga.
Inyaniso yokuba inexabiso eliphezulu lobushushu bomphunga kungenxa yokuba ikwazi ukudlula. Olunye uphawu lwemolekyuli yamanzi kukudibana. Umbuzo lutyekelo lokuba iimolekyuli ezimbini kufuneka zimanyane. Enkosi kwakhona kwiibhondi zehydrogen zemolekyuli yamanzi, umanyano luphezulu. Ukonyuka kukuba utyekelo lweemolekyuli ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokudibana kunye. Oku kwenza ukuba iimolekyuli zamanzi zinamathele kakhulu kwimixube yeionic kunye ne-polar. Esi sisicelo esenzeka xa kusenzeka ukuba amanzi anamathele kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemolekyuli yamanzi.