Kumhlaba womhlaba wohlulwe ngokwahlukileyo iiplate zeetectonic ezihlala zishukuma ngenxa yokuhamba kwezinto ezenzeka kwisambatho somhlaba. Ukushukuma kweetectonic plates ezahlukeneyo zizinto ezivelisa iinyikima, iilwandle kunye neentaba. Uncedo lwangoku lwehlabathi lufakwe kwi-tectonic plates. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwaye nganye ineempawu zayo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela malunga neempawu, imvelaphi kunye nokubaluleka kweeplate zetectonic.
Bazintoni
Iipleyiti zetectonic, okanye iipleyiti ze-lithospheric, Ngamaqhekeza ahlukeneyo apho i-lithosphere yomhlaba yahlulwe, imigangatho engaphandle yoMhlaba, kuquka i-crust kunye ne-mantle ephezulu. Umsebenzi we-Seismic, i-volcanic kunye ne-orogenic igxininiswe emaphethelweni ayo.
Le yokugqibela ibangelwa ukuhamba rhoqo kweeplate ze-tectonic kwi-asthenosphere, ummandla ongaphezulu okanye ongaphantsi kwe-viscous ye-mantle ephezulu, ngokwengcamango ye-plate tectonics.
Iipropathi zeetectonic plates okwangoku aziqondwa kakuhle, ngaphandle nje kokuba ziqinile kwaye ukufuduswa kwazo kuvelisa iziganeko zejoloji ezifana neenyikima kunye neentaba-mlilo esinokuthi sizilinganise kwaye siziqonde. Zinokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kweentaba kunye neziseko zentlenga. Le yinto esebenzayo kuphela eMhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ubungqina bokuba ezinye iiplanethi ziye zafumana iziganeko ezifanayo zetectonic.
Ithiyori yeplate tectonics echaza ezi ziganeko yenziwa phakathi ko-1960 kunye no-1970, ngenxa yokufunyanwa kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ehlala ingabonakali, yoqwalaselo lwe-geophysical kunye ne-geochemical kunye neerekhodi zefosili kunye nezejoloji. Isekelwe kwi Ithiyori yokuhamba kwelizwekazi ecetywe nguAlfred Wegener waseJamani (1880-1930) ngowe-1912.
Iindidi zamacwecwe etectonic
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeetectonic plates ehlabathini: iipleyiti ze-oceanic kunye ne-continental plates.
- ipleyiti yolwandle. Ezo zigqunywe ngokupheleleyo yi-oceanic crust, esezantsi kolwandle, ngoko ke zintywiliselwe ngokupheleleyo. Zincinci kwaye zenziwe ikakhulu yintsimbi kunye ne-magnesium.
- ipleyiti yelizwekazi. Amacwecwe agqunywe ngamalungu oqweqwe lwelizwekazi, amazwekazi ngokwawo, lolona hlobo lulawulayo lwetectonic plate, edla ngokuba nenxalenye yelizwekazi kunye nenxalenye entywiliselwe emanzini olwandle.
iipleyiti ezinkulu zetectonic zehlabathi
Lilonke, iplanethi yethu inamacwecwe angama-56 etectonic, i-14 kuwo abaluleke kakhulu. Zezi:
- Ipleyiti yaseAfrika. Igubungela lonke ilizwekazi laseAfrika kwaye inabela kulwandle olulijikelezileyo, ngaphandle kwendawo yayo esemantla.
- Ipleyiti yeAntarctic. Igubungela yonke i-Antarctica kwaye emva koko iphantse ibe zizigidi ezili-17 zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha ezijikeleze ulwandle.
- Ipleyiti yaseArabia. Ibekwe phantsi koSingasiqithi weArabia kunye nenxalenye ebizwa ngokuba yiMbindi Mpuma, iphuma ekuqhekezweni kwepleyiti yaseAfrika kwaye ine-43% yemithombo yegesi yendalo yehlabathi kunye ne-48% yemithombo ye-oyile yayo.
- ICocos plate. Ibekwe phantsi koLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kunxweme olusentshona kuMbindi Merika, ecaleni kwepleyiti yeCaribbean, eyenza iMesoamerican volcanic arc phantsi kwepleyiti yeCaribbean.
- I-Nazca plate. Ngaphantsi kwempuma yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, amanxweme asePeru, e-Ecuador, naseKholombiya, kunye nomntla-mbindi weChile, athontelana phantsi kwepleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika ukuze enze iAndes.
- UJuan de Fuca Plaque. Ipleyiti encinci kwicala elingasentshona leNorth American Plate, ecaleni konxweme lwePasifiki eCalifornia, Oregon, Washington, kunye neBritish Columbia. Oku, kunye neepleyiti zeCocos kunye neNazca, zivela ekuqhekekeni kwepleyiti endala yeFarallón malunga ne-28 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
- Iiplati zeCaribbean. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, ifumaneka kwiCaribbean, emantla oMzantsi Merika, nakwimpuma yoMbindi Merika, igubungela indawo engaphezulu kwe-3,2 yezigidi zeekhilomitha. Igubungela iinxalenye zelizwekazi elikuMbindi Merika (iGuatemala, iBelize, iHonduras, iNicaragua, i-El Salvador, iCosta Rica, iPanama, nelizwe laseMexico iChiapas), kunye nazo zonke iziqithi zeCaribbean.
- Iiplati yePacific. Ngolunye lolona lwandle lukhulu eMhlabeni, lugubungela phantse lonke ulwandle olunegama elifanayo, kwaye luneendawo ezininzi "ezishushu" kunye namabhanti enyikima okanye intaba-mlilo, ngakumbi ejikeleze iHawaii.
- Ipulaya yase-Eurasian. Le pleyiti inkulu igubungela indawo ye-67,8 yezigidi zeekhilomitha kwaye igubungela lonke ilizwekazi lase-Eurasia (yonke iYurophu neAsia), ngaphandle kwenxalenye yelizwekazi laseIndiya, iArabia, kunye neSiberia. Ikwandise iikhilomitha ezininzi kwimpuma yoMntla weAtlantiki.
- Ipleyiti yePhilippines. Ifumaneka kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kwimpuma yePhilippines, yipleyiti ethobayo kwingingqi yaseMariana Trench. Xa ithelekiswa nabamelwane bayo, incinci kakhulu.
- Itafile yase-Indo-Australia. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, eli cwecwe lisuka kwimida yaseIndiya neTshayina neNepal, lityhutyha lonke ilizwekazi laseIndiya, uLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, kunye nalo lonke elaseOstreliya neMelanesia, lide lifike eNew Zealand. Kusisiphumo sokudityaniswa kweepleyiti zamandulo zaseIndiya naseOstreliya malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
- Plat of North America. Iqulethe wonke uMntla Merika, kuquka iGreenland, kunye nechweba laseCuba, iBahamas, isiqingatha seIceland, kunye nenxalenye yoMntla weAtlantiki, umkhenkce weArctic, kunye nemimandla yaseSiberia. Yeyona pleyiti inkulu eMhlabeni.
- ipleyiti Scotia. Ifumaneka ekudibaneni koLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, kunye nolwandle lomkhenkce lweAntarctic kumazantsi oMzantsi Melika. Yipleyiti encinci kunye nentsha, eyazalelwa kwiCenozoic. Ineenyikima ezinamandla kunye nentaba-mlilo.
- ISouth American Plate. Njengelizwekazi lalo lamagama, le pleyiti iphantsi kwayo yonke iMzantsi Melika kwaye iphinda idlulele ngasempuma-mpuma ukuya eMzantsi Atlantic.
Imvelelo
Iipleyiti zetectonic zihamba phezu kwe-asthenosphere, inxalenye yolwelo yengubo. Zihamba ngezantya ezahlukeneyo, zidla ngokucotha kodwa zizinzile, ngoko ke azibonakali ngaphandle kokuba zingqubana nezinye izinto, kwaye ke sibona amaza enyikima anempembelelo.
Isizathu sezi ntshukumo asiqondwa kakuhle, kodwa inokuba inento yokwenza nokujikeleza komhlaba, i-magma eshushu ihambela phezulu kunye ne-magma ebandayo ehamba ezantsi, okanye umahluko kubunzima bomxhuzulane kunye nobunzima.
Nangona kunjalo, ezi ntshukumo ziyinxalenye ye-dynamics ye-mantle, apho kukho i-convection kunye nokusabalalisa ubushushu, okugcina i-matter i-semi-solid kunye ne-denser, izinto ezinzima zihla ukuze zenze indawo yezinto ezilula.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neepleyiti zetectonic kunye neempawu zabo.