Ibhetri, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiseli okanye i-accumulator, sisixhobo esenziwe ngeeseli ze-electrochemical ezinokuguqula amandla ekhemikhali angaphakathi kuzo abe ngamandla ombane. Ke ngoko, iibhetri zivelisa umsinga othe ngqo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinika amandla iisekethe ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani babo namandla. Zininzi iintlobo zeebhetri kuxhomekeke kusetyenziso abaza kubanika lona kunye neempawu abanazo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuba uyazi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhetri kunye neziphi iimpawu zazo.
Yintoni ibhetri
Ukususela ekuvelisweni kwebhetri ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nokuthengiswa kwayo okukhulu kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ibhetri idibaniswe ngokupheleleyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Uphuhliso lweebhetri luhamba kunye nokuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe be-elektroniki. Ulawulo olukude, iiwotshi, iikhompyuter ezahlukeneyo, iifowuni eziphathwayo Kwaye uninzi lwezixhobo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa iibhetri njengemithombo yamandla, ngoko banamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ombane.
Umthamo wokutshaja webhetri uchongwa ngobume bokubunjwa kwayo, kwiiyure ze-ampere (Ah), oku kuthetha ukuba ibhetri inokubonelela nge-1 ampere yangoku kwiiyure ezilandelelanayo. Xa iphezulu umthamo wayo wokutshaja, kokukhona ingagcina ngoku.
Okokugqibela, umjikelo omfutshane wobomi beebhetri ezininzi zorhwebo uzenza zibe sisingcoliso esinamandla samanzi nomhlaba, kuba xa umjikelo wabo wobomi uphelile, azikwazi ukutshajwa kwakhona okanye zisetyenziswe kwakhona kwaye zilahlwe. Emva kokuba i-casing yentsimbi igqwalile, ibhetri iya kukhulula ukubunjwa kwayo kweekhemikhali kwindalo kwaye itshintshe ukubunjwa kwayo kunye nexabiso le-pH.
Isebenza njani ibhetri
Ibhetri inebhetri yekhemikhali ene-electrode efanelekileyo kunye ne-electrode engalunganga. Umgaqo osisiseko webhetri ubandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwe-oxidation (i-redox) yeekhemikhali ezithile, enye yazo ilahlekelwa zii-electron (i-oxidation) kwaye enye izuza ii-electron (ukunciphisa), ezithi zinokubuyiselwa kuqwalaselo lwazo lwangaphambili phantsi kweemeko eziyimfuneko.
Ibhetri ibandakanya ibhetri yeekhemikhali kunye ne-electrode enhle (i-anode) kunye ne-electrode engalunganga (i-cathode) kunye ne-electrolyte evumela ukuba i-current ihambe ngaphandle. Ezi bhetri ziguqula amandla ekhemikhali abe ngamandla ombane ngenkqubo enokubuyiselwa umva okanye engenakuguqulwa, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwebhetri, xa igqityiwe, iya kuphelisa amandla ayo okufumana amandla. Apha, zimbini iindidi zeeseli zohlulwa:
- Ukuqala: ezo zakha zasabela azikwazi ukubuyela kwimeko yazo yangaphambili, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa amandla azo okugcina izinto zangoku. Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziibhetri ezingatshajiyo.
- kwizikolo eziphakamileyo: abo banokuvuma ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane ukubuyisela ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zokuqala, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa amaxesha amaninzi ngaphambi kokuba ziphelelwe ngokupheleleyo. Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziibhetri ezitshajekayo.
Iindidi zebhetri
Iibhetri zeLithium zinoxinzelelo olungcono lwamandla kunye nesantya esingcono sokukhupha. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeebhetri, ngokuxhomekeke kumalungu asetyenziswayo ekwenzeni, njengale:
- Iibhetri zealkaline. Ngokuqhelekileyo kube kanye kuphela. Basebenzisa i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) njenge-electrolyte. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezivelisa amandla kwenzeka phakathi kwe-zinc (Zn, anode) kunye ne-manganese dioxide (MnO2, cathode). Ziibhetri ezizinzileyo kakhulu, kodwa zinobomi obufutshane.
- Iibhetri ze-asidi yelothe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ifumaneka kwiimoto kunye nezithuthuthu. Ziibhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona ezinee-electrode ezikhokelayo ezimbini xa zihlawulwe: i-lead dioxide (PbO2) cathode kunye ne-spongy lead (Pb) anode. I-electrolyte esetyenzisiweyo yisisombululo samanzi se-sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, xa ibhetri ikhupha, i-lead ifakwe kwi-metallic lead (Pb) ngendlela ye-lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4).
- Iibhetri zenikeli. Iindleko ziphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza kubi kakhulu, zizinto zokuqala ezenziwe kwimbali. Emva koko, bavelisa iibhetri ezintsha, ezifana:
- I-nickel-iron (Ni-Fe). Ziquka iityhubhu ezibhityileyo eziqengqeleke ukusuka kumakhasi ensimbi ane-nickel-plated. Kukho i-nickel (III) i-hydroxide (i-Ni (OH) i-3) kwi-plate positive kunye nentsimbi (Fe) kwi-plate negative. I-electrolyte esetyenziswayo yi-potassium hydroxide (KOH). Nangona benobomi obude benkonzo, bayekwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo okuphantsi kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
- I-Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd). Ziquka i-cadmium (Cd) anode kunye ne-nickel (III) i-hydroxide (Ni (OH) 3) i-cathode kunye ne-potassium hydroxide (KOH) njenge-electrolyte. Ezi bhetri zihlaziywa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa zinezinga eliphantsi lamandla (kuphela 50Wh / kg). Ukongeza, ngenxa yesiphumo sememori ephezulu (umthamo webhetri uyancipha xa siqhuba intlawulo engaphelelanga) kunye nokungcoliseka okukhulu kwe-cadmium, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuncinci kwaye kuncinci.
- I-Nickel-hydride (i-Ni-MH). Basebenzisa i-nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) njenge-anode kunye ne-metal hydride alloy njenge-cathode. Xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ze-nickel-cadmium, zinomthamo ophezulu wentlawulo kunye nesiphumo esisezantsi sememori, kwaye azichaphazeli indalo ngenxa yokuba aziqukethe i-Cd (engcolisa kakhulu kwaye iyingozi). Bangoovulindlela kwiimoto zombane kuba zitshajwa ngokupheleleyo.
- Lithium ion (Li-ION) ibhetri. Basebenzisa ityuwa ye-lithium njenge-electrolyte. Zezona bhetri zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimveliso zombane ezincinci ezifana neeselfowuni kunye nezinye izixhobo eziphathwayo. Bagqama ngenxa yobuninzi bamandla abo, ukongeza, balula kakhulu, bancinci kwaye basebenza kakuhle, kodwa obona bomi bude buluncedo yiminyaka emithathu. Enye inzuzo kubo yimpembelelo yememori ephantsi. Ukongezelela, banokuqhuma xa begqithiswa ngenxa yokuba amacandelo abo anokutsha, ngoko ke iindleko zabo zokuvelisa ziphezulu ngenxa yokuba kufuneka ziqulethe izinto zokhuseleko.
- Ibhetri yepolymer yeLithium (LiPo). Ziyantlukwano zeebhetri ze-lithium eziqhelekileyo, ezinoxinano olungcono lwamandla kunye nesantya esingcono sokukhupha, kodwa ukusilela kwazo kukuba azinakusetyenziswa ukuba intlawulo ingaphantsi kwe-30%, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ungazivumeli zikhuphe ngokupheleleyo. Ziyakwazi ukutshisa kwaye ziqhume, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ungalindi ixesha elide ukujonga ibhetri okanye uyigcine kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kude nezinto ezinokutsha ngamaxesha onke.
Iibhetri kunye neebhetri
Kumazwe amaninzi athetha iSpanish, kusetyenziswa kuphela igama elithi ibhetri. Kule meko, amagama ibhetri kunye nebhetri zithethantonye Kwaye zivela kwimihla yamandulo xa abantu babesebenzisa umbane. Ipakethi yokuqala yebhetri yenziwe ngeepakethi zebhetri okanye iipleyiti zetsimbi ukunyusa ikhoyo ngoku ebonelelwe ekuqaleni, kwaye inokulungiswa ngeendlela ezimbini: enye phezu komnye ukwenza iseli, okanye icala ngecala, ngendlela yebhetri. .
Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba kumazwe amaninzi athetha iSpanish kuphela igama elithi ibhetri lisetyenzisiweyo, ngelixa kwezinye izixhobo zombane, ezifana ne-capacitors, igama elithi accumulators likhethwayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo zeebhetri ezikhoyo kunye neempawu zazo.