Xa sithetha ngeemolekyuli, ibhayoloji kunye namandla, umbono uhlala usiza kuthi owaziwa njenge I-ATP. Yimolekyuli ehlala ibonakala phantse kuzo zonke iimpendulo zebhayoloji zezinto eziphilayo. Asinguye wonke umntu owaziyo ukuba yintoni i-ATP kwaye yeyiphi eyona misebenzi yayo iphambili.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, ukusebenza kunye nokubaluleka kwe-ATP.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Sithetha ngemolekyuli eyayiphantse kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinazo. Ukuphendula kweMichiza njenge-glycolysis, Umjikelo weKrebs. Umlingane wakhe ongenakwahlulwa yi-ADP kwaye ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke ezi zinto ziphendukayo.
Okokuqala konke ukwazi ukuba yintoni i-ATP. Yi-nucleotide adenosine triphosphate kwaye yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwaye iphakathi nendawo izityebi zamandla. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, lenziwe liqela le-adenosine, elilelokwenziwa yi-adenine kunye ne-ribose, kunye neqela le-triphosphate. Uphawu oluphambili kukuba amaqela e-phosphate aqulathe I-ATP ineeyunithi ezintathu ze-phosphate ezigxothana ngombane. Kungenxa yokuba iiathom ezinephosphorus zihlawuliswe ngokuqinisekileyo, ngelixa iiathom zeoksijini zibizwa kakubi.
Xa sithetha ngokugxothwa kombane, sithetha ukuba baziphatha ngokufanayo naxa sifuna ukudibanisa iimagnethi ezimbini ngezibonda ezincomekayo okanye ngezibonda ezimbi zombini. Siyazi ukuba iipali ezichaseneyo ziyatsala, kodwa ziyathandana.
Umsebenzi we-ATP kunye nokugcinwa
Siza kubona ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto iphambili i-ATP emzimbeni wethu kwaye kutheni ibaluleke kangaka emhlabeni. Owona msebenzi uphambili kuku zisebenza njengomboneleli wamandla phantse kuzo zonke iimpendulo ze-biochemical. Ngokwesiqhelo, zonke ezi mpendulo ze-biochemical ziyimfuneko ebomini kwaye zenzeka ngaphakathi kweseli. Ngombulelo kwezi mpembelelo ze-biochemical, imisebenzi esebenzayo yeseli inokugcinwa, njengokuhlanganiswa kwe-DNA kunye ne-RNA, iiproteni kunye nokuthuthwa kweemolekyuli ezithile kwizinwe zeseli.
Xa sisiya ejimini ngexesha lemizuzwana yokuqala siphakamisa amadama, yi-ATP esisinika amandla ayimfuneko. Nje ukuba umthambo uthathe ngaphezulu kwemizuzwana eyi-10, i-glycogen yemisipha ilawula ukoyisa ukuxhathisa esikubekayo kuyo.
Enye yemiba esisiseko yokwazi ukusebenza kwe-ATP kukwazi ukuba iwagcina njani amandla. Ukubamba iibhondi phakathi kweefosfathi kunye neqela le-triphosphate kuthatha amandla amaninzi. Ngokukodwa, iikhalori ezingama-7.7 zamandla asimahla ziyafuneka kuyo yonke imole ye-ATP. Amandla afanayo akhutshwa xa i-ATP ifakwe i-hydrolyzed kwi-ADP. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilahlekelwa liqela le-phosphate ngenxa yesenzo samanzi kwaye isixa esikhulu samandla siyakhutshwa.
Siza kubuyela kuthelekiso olusetyenziswe kumazibuthe ukuze sikwazi ukucacisa kakuhle ukusebenza kweATP. Masicinge ukuba sineemagnethi ezimbini ezijongiswe yipali yazo kwaye zidityaniswe yi-wax okanye iglu. Ngelixa i-wax yomelele ngokugqibeleleyo, iimagnethi zisaqhotyoshelwe nangona zikwimeko yazo yoqobo kufuneka zigxothane. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba siqala ukufudumeza i-wax, iimagnethi ezimbini ziyaphula ibhondi ebabambayo kunye kwaye zahlule ukukhupha amandla. Ke ngoko, sinokuthi amandla agciniwe ecaleni kwendlela eyindibaniselwano yomazibuthe omabini.
Kwimeko yale molekyuli, amandla agcinwa kwiibhondi ezibamba iimolekyuli ze-phosphate kunye. Ezi bhondi zaziwa ngegama le-pyrophosphate. Enye indlela yokubiza ezi bhondi zinamanzi okanye amandla aphezulu.
I-ATP iwanika njani amandla
Sele sichazile ukuba le molekyuli yeyona iphambili ekuboneleleni ngamandla kwizinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, ayinguye wonke umntu owaziyo ukuba la mandla anikezela njani ukuze abe nokusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukwenza oku, i-ATP inika iqela lesiphelo le-phosphate yomxholo wamandla aphezulu kwiqela leemolekyuli ezamkelayo ezinje ngeeswekile, iiamino acid kunye nee-nucleotides. Xa kukhutshwa i-phosphate terminal, iguqulelwa kwi-adenosine diphosphate, okt ADP. Yilapho iqela elibophayo le-phosphate likhutshwa kwimolekyuli eyamkelayo. Kule nkqubo kukho ukuhanjiswa kweqela le-phosphate okanye i-phosphorylation engafanele ukudideka ne-phosphorylation ye-oxidative, ejongene nokwakha i-molecule.
I-phosphorylation yonyusa inqanaba lamandla asimahla emolekyuli eyamkelayo kwaye yiyo loo nto inokuthi isabele ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwiimpawu zebhayoloji ezichaphazelwe zii-enzymes. Ii-Enzymes zinoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhawulezayo kweempendulo ze-biochemical. Impendulo i-exergonic xa i-Gibbs yokwahluka kwamandla simahla. Ngokufanelekileyo, Olu tshintsho lwamandla avela kwi-hydrolysis okanye ukuhanjiswa kweqela le-phosphate li -7.7 kcal. Imolekyuli ye-adenosine triphosphate inokukhupha amandla nge-hydrolysis. Kule meko, sibona indlela imolekyuli yamanzi inoxanduva lokuhlasela enye yeebhondi phakathi kwamaqela e-phosphate ukunika iqela le-phosphate kunye ne-ADP.
Yenziwa njani
Siza kubona ukuba ngawaphi amanyathelo aphambili eyenziweyo i-ATP, yalatha ukuphefumla kweselula ngothungelwano lwezothutho ngombane ngowona mthombo uphambili wendalo. Ikwenzeka nakwifotosinthesisi eyenzeka kwizityalo. Enye yeefom okanye yeendlela zokuyila ngexesha le-glycolysis kwaye ngexesha lomjikelo we-asidi ye-citric, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo weKrebs.
Ukwenziwa kwe-ATP kwenzeka nge-phosphorylation ye-ADP ngenxa yesenzo se-arginine phosphate kunye ne-creatine phosphate. Zombini zisebenza njengoovimba abakhethekileyo bamandla ekhemikhali ukuze iphosphorylation ekhawulezileyo yenzeke. Le yinkqubo esele siyikhankanyile ngaphambili kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yi-oxidative phosphorylation. Zombini i-creatine kunye ne-arginine zaziwa njengee-phosphagens.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nemolekyuli ye-ATP kunye nemisebenzi yayo.