I-Geology yinzululwazi egxile ekufundeni ukwakheka komhlaba apho sinokufumana khona amatye kunye neeminerali. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye emhlabeni ngokweempawu zawo, imvelaphi kunye nokwakheka. Kuyafana nakwiimaminerali. Singakhupha izibonelelo zendalo ezixabisekileyo kumatye nakwiiminerali, yiyo loo nto isifundo sabo sibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ngamatye kunye neeminerali, loluphi olona luhlu luphambili kunye nokubaluleka kweplanethi yethu.
Amatye kunye neeminerali
Inkcazo yezimbiwa
Okokuqala kuko konke ukwazi inkcazo yezimbiwa kunye nelitye ukuze kusekwe isiseko kwaye sikwazi ukucacisa okuseleyo. Izimbiwa zenziwe Izinto eziqinileyo, zendalo kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezivela kwimagma. Ziyakwazi ukwenziwa ngotshintsho kwezinye izimbiwa esele zikhona kunye nezenziwe. Iminerali nganye inesakhiwo seekhemikhali esicacileyo, esixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubume bayo. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwayo ikwanempawu ezizodwa zomzimba.
Amaminerali ayalele iiathom. Ezi athom zifunyenwe zisenza iseli ephindaphindayo kulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Ezi zakhiwo zivelisa iimilo ezithile zejiyometri, nangona zingasoloko zibonakala ngamehlo, kodwa zikhona.
Iyunithi yeseli yenza iikristali ezidibanisa kunye nokwenza i-lattice okanye i-lattice structure. Ezi ziikristale abaqulunqi bezimbiwa bacotha kakhulu. Okucothayo ukwakheka kwekristale, kokukhona iyalela ngakumbi onke amasuntswana kwaye, ke ngoko, ingcono inkqubo yekristalllization.
Amakristali ayakha okanye akhule ngokuxhomekeke kwi-axes okanye kwiiplani zokulinganisa. Iinkqubo zeekristalline zihlela iintlobo ezingama-32 zokulinganisa ezinokuba nekristale. Sinezinye eziphambili:
- Rhoqo okanye cubic
- I-Trigonal
- Hexagonal
- Rhombic
- Imonoclinic
- Unyango
- Itetragonal
Ucalulo lwezimbiwa
Amakristali amaminerali Azihlukaniswanga, kodwa zenza imdibaniso. Ukuba iikristali ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu zikhula kwindiza enye okanye i-axis symmetry, ithathwa ngokuba sisakhiwo sezimbiwa esibizwa ngokuba liwele. Umzekelo wamawele yicrystalline rock quartz. Ukuba izimbiwa zigubungela umphezulu wedwala, ziya kwenza i-clumps okanye i-dendrites. Umzekelo, pyrolusite.
Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba izimbiwa ziyanyibilika kwingxondorha yamatye, kuyilwa isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yigeodeic. Ezi geode zithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela ngobuhle bazo kunye nokuhombisa. Umzekelo we geode unokuba yi-olivine.
Kukho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlela izimbiwa. Ngokwezimbiwa, zinokuhlelwa ngokulula. Zahlula-hlulwe:
- Isinyithi: Izimbiwa zentsimbi ezenziwe yimagma. Eyona idume ngobhedu nesilivere, limonite, magnetite, pyrite, sphalerite, malachite, azurite okanye cinnabar.
- Non-ebuntsimbi. Phakathi kwezinto ezingezizo zesinyithi, sinesilicates, eyona nto iphambili kuyo yi-silicon dioxide. Zenziwe ngemagma kwi-asthenosphere. Zizimbiwa ezifana neolivine, talc, muscovite, quartz kunye nodongwe. Sikwanayo netyiwa yezimbiwa, eyenziwe ngetyuwa ebaleka xa amanzi olwandle ephuphuma. Ziyakwazi ukwenziwa ngokuphinda kwenziwe ezinye iiminerali. Zizimbiwa ezenziwe yimvula. Umzekelo, sine-calcite, halite, silvin, gypsum, magnesite, anhydrite, njl. Okokugqibela, sinezinye izimbiwa ezinamanye amacandelo. Ezi zenziwe nge-magma okanye ukuphinda kwenziwe kwakhona. Sifumana i-fluorite, isalfure, i-graphite, i-aragonite, i-apatite kunye ne-calcite.
Iimpawu kunye neentlobo zamatye
Amatye enziwe ngamaminerali okanye izihlanganisi zeeminerali ezizodwa. Kuhlobo lokuqala, sinegranite, kwaye kwizimbiwa, sinetyuwa eliliwa njengomzekelo. Ukwenziwa kwamatye yinkqubo ecothayo kwaye ilandela inkqubo eyahlukileyo.
Ngokwemvelaphi yamatye, banokwahlulahlulwa babe ziindidi ezintathu: amatye angenanto, amatye entlenga, kunye namatye e-metamorphic. La matye awahlali ngokusisigxina, kodwa ahlala ekhula kwaye etshintsha. Ewe, zilutshintsho olwenzeke ngexesha le-geologic. Ngamanye amagama, ngokomlinganiso womntu, asizukuzibona iifom zamatye okanye ukuzitshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa amatye abizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo wedwala.
Amatye anqabileyo
Amatye anqabileyo ngamatye ayilwe kukupholisa kwemagma ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Inenxalenye engamanzi yengubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-asthenosphere. IMagma inokupholiswa kuqweqwe lomhlaba okanye inokupholiswa ngamandla omhlaba. Ngokuxhomekeke apho i-magma ipholile, iikristali ziya kubumba ngezantya ezahlukeneyo ngendlela enye okanye enye, ezibangelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana:
- Ihanjisiwe: Xa i-magma iphola kancinci kunye neeminerali ziqaqamba, kubonakala amasuntswana afanayo.
- Porphyry: i-magma iveliswa xa ipholile ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni kwaqala ukupholisa kancinci, kodwa emva koko ikhawuleza kwaye ikhawuleze.
- Vitreous. Ikwabizwa ngokuba kukungena kwemivumbo. Kwenzeka xa i-magma ipholisa ngokukhawuleza. Ngale ndlela, iikristali azenzi, kodwa zinokubonakala kweglasi.
Amatye e-sedimentary
Zenziwe ngezinto ezaphukileyo ngamanye amatye. Ezi zinto ziyathuthwa kwaye zibekwe emazantsi emilambo okanye elwandle. Xa beqokelela, bavelisa ukwakheka. La matye matsha akhiwa ngeenkqubo ezinje nge petrification, ukuxinana, isamente kunye nokufakwa kwakhona.
Amatye eMetamorphic
Ngamatye akhiwe ngamanye amatye. Zihlala zenziwe ngamatye e-sedimentary athe enza iinkqubo zenguqu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Zizinto zejoloji ezinje ngoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obutshintsha ilitye. Ke ngoko, uhlobo lwerwala luxhomekeke kwizimbiwa eziqulethweyo kunye nenqanaba lotshintsho olwenziwe ngenxa yeemeko zejoloji.
Zininzi iinkqubo zeemetamorphic ezibangela ukuba amatye atshintshe kwaye aguquke. Njengokuba, Umahluko ngequbuliso kubushushu ubizwa ngokuba yi-thermoclastiukuya. Yinkqubo apho umahluko okhoyo ngequbuliso kubushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku, njengoko kusenzeka entlango, kunokubangela ukwenziwa kweentanda kunye nokutshabalalisa ilitye. Kwenzeka into efanayo nangeenkqubo ezikhukulayo ezibangelwa ngumoya kunye namanzi. Ukhukuliseko lomoya okanye ukuqhwalela kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi apho ukuqhekeka ematyeni kungagcina kubangele ukuba benze i-metamorphose.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi ngamatye kunye neeminerali.