Ihlabathi lamandla ahlaziyekayo liya lisiba mbumbulu kwiimarike zamanye amazwe ngenxa yokhuphiswano oluphezulu kunye nokusebenza ngokukuko. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla ahlaziyekayo (njengoko ndicinga ukuba sonke siyazi) kodwa kuyinyani ukuba kumandla ahlaziyekayo, sifumana ezinye "ezaziwayo", ezinje ngelanga kunye namandla omoya, kunye nezinye ezingaziwa kangako amandla ombane kunye ne-biomass.
Kule posi ndiza kuthetha ngayo yonke into enxulumene namandla ombane. Ukusukela yintoni, isebenza njani kunye nezibonelelo kunye nezinto ezingalunganga kwilizwe lamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Yintoni amandla e-geothermal?
Amandla e-geothermal luhlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo asekwe ekusetyenzisweni kobushushu obukhoyo kumhlaba ongaphantsi weplanethi yethu. Oko kukuthi, sebenzisa ubushushu bamaleko angaphakathi oMhlaba kwaye uvelise amandla ngawo. Amandla ahlaziyekayo ngokuqhelekileyo asebenzisa izinto zangaphandle ezifana namanzi, umoya kunye nokukhanya kwelanga. Nangona kunjalo, amandla e-geothermal ekuphela kwento ebalekayo kulo mgaqo ungaphandle.
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Uyabona, kukho iqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi komhlaba esiwunyatheleyo. Oko kukuthi, iqondo lobushushu loMhlaba liyonyuka njengoko sisihla kwaye sisondela kumbindi womhlaba. Kuyinyani ukuba ezona zandi zinzulu abantu abakwaziyo ukufikelela kuzo azigqithi kwi-12 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu, kodwa siyazi ukuba i-gradient ye-thermal iyanda iqondo lobushushu emhlabeni phakathi kwe-2 ° C kunye ne-4 ° C ngeemitha ezili-100 ezithe zehla. Kukho iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeplanethi apho le gradient inkulu kakhulu kwaye kungenxa yokuba uqweqwe lomhlaba lucekeceke ngeloxesha. Ke ngoko, ezona ndawo zingaphakathi zoMhlaba (ezinje ngengubo, esishushu) zikufuphi kumphezulu woMhlaba kwaye zibonelela ngobushushu obungaphezulu.
Ewe, loo nto ivakala ngathi intle, kodwa phi kwaye njani amandla avela kubushushu bamandla aphuma emhlabeni?
Amachibi e-Geothermal
Njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, kukho iindawo zeplanethi apho i-gradient ye-thermal kubunzulu ichazwa ngakumbi kunezinye iindawo. Oku kubangela ukuba ukusebenza kwamandla kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngokushisa kwangaphakathi koMhlaba kuphezulu kakhulu.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, Ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane incinci kakhulu kunamandla elanga (60 mW / m² ye-geothermal xa kuthelekiswa ne-340 mW / m² yelanga). Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezichaziweyo apho i-gradient ye-thermal inkulu, ebizwa ngokuba ngamachibi e-geothermal, amandla emveliso yamandla aphezulu kakhulu (ifikelela kuma-200 mW / m²). Obu buchule obuphezulu bemveliso yamandla budala ukwanda kobushushu kwiindawo ezinamanzi ezinokuxhatshazwa kwimizi-mveliso.
Ukuze kukhutshwe amandla kumthombo wamanzi aphuma kubushushu obuphezulu, kuqala kufuneka kwenziwe isifundo esinokubakho semarike kuba iindleko zokomba zikhula kakhulu ngobunzulu. Oko kukuthi, njengoko singena nzulu kwi iinzame zokukhupha ubushushu kumphezulu ziyonyuswa.
Phakathi kweendidi zeedipozithi zejoloji sifumana ezintathu: amanzi ashushu, owomileyo kunye neegiza
Amachibi amanzi ashushu
Zimbini iintlobo zamachibi amanzi ashushu: ezo zomthombo kunye nezingaphantsi komhlaba. Ezangaphambili zinokusetyenziswa njengeendawo zokuhlambela ezishushu, ukuzixuba kancinci namanzi abandayo ukuze ukwazi ukuhlamba kuzo, kodwa inengxaki yokuhambahamba okuncinci.
Kwelinye icala, sinemithombo yamanzi yangaphantsi komhlaba engamadama amanzi ashushu kakhulu kwaye anzulu. Olu hlobo lwamanzi lunokusetyenziswa ukuze ikwazi ukukhupha ubushushu bayo bangaphakathi. Singawajikeleza amanzi ashushu ngeempompo ukuze sisebenzise ubushushu bawo.
Kwenziwa njani ukuxhaphazwa kwamachibi amanzi ashushu? Ukuze ukwazi ukusebenzisa amandla amanzi ashushu, ukuxhaphaza kufuneka kwenziwe ngenani lemithombo, ngendlela yokuba kwimithombo emibini nganye kufumaneke amanzi ashushu kwaye abuyiswe ngenaliti kwi-aquifer emva kokuba lupholile phantsi. Olu hlobo lokuxhaphaza lubonakalisiwe pokanye ixesha elingenasiphelo ngexesha okoko amathuba okuphelisa i-thermal reserve phantse awekho, kuba amanzi afakwa ngaphakathi kwi-aquifer. Amanzi agcina ukuhamba rhoqo kwaye isixa samanzi asitshintshi, ngenxa yoko asiwanciphisi amanzi akhoyo kwi-aquifer, kodwa sisebenzisa amandla ayo e-calorific ukufudumeza nabanye. Kwakhona kunenzuzo enkulu kuba sibona ukuba akukho hlobo lokungcola kuba isekethe yamanzi evaliweyo ayikuvumeli nakuphi na ukuvuza.
Kuxhomekeke kubushushu apho sifumana khona amanzi echibini, amandla e-geothermal akhutshwe aya kuba nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo:
Amanzi ashushu kumaqondo aphezulu obushushu
Sifumana amanzi anamaqondo obushushu e- ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400 ° C kunye nomphunga uveliswa ngaphezulu. Ngokusebenzisa iiturbine kunye nesinye isixhobo, umbane unokuveliswa usasazwe ezixekweni ngothungelwano.
Amanzi ashushu kubushushu obuphakathi
La manzi ashushu afumaneka kwimithombo yamanzi anamaqondo obushushu asezantsi, ubukhulu becala zifikelela kwi-150 ° C. Kungenxa yoko le nto uguquko lomphunga wamanzi lwenziwe ngombane lwenziwa ngendlela ephantsi kwaye kufuneka luxhatshazwe ngolwelo oluguquguqukayo.
Amanzi ashushu kubushushu obuphantsi
Ezi dipozithi zinayo amanzi malunga nama-70 ° C ngoko ke ubushushu balo buvela kuphela kwigradient yomhlaba.
Amanzi ashushu kubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu
Sifumana amanzi anamaqondo obushushu ubuninzi bokufikelela kuma-50 ° C. Amandla ombane afunyanwa kolu hlobo lwamanzi asinceda ekugubungeleni ezinye iimfuno zasekhaya ezinje ngokufudumeza ikhaya.
Amasimi omileyo
Iindawo zokugcina amanzi ezomileyo yindawo apho ilitye lomile kwaye lishushu kakhulu. Kolu hlobo lweedipozithi Akukho manzi athwala amandla aphuma kubushushu bomhlaba okanye naluphi na uhlobo lwezinto ezinokungena. Ziingcali ezazisa ezi ntlobo zezinto ukuze zikwazi ukuhambisa ubushushu. Ezi dipozithi zinesivuno esisezantsi kunye neendleko eziphezulu zemveliso.
Siwafumana njani amandla ombane aphuma kula masimi? Ukuze ube nokusebenza okwaneleyo kwaye ufumane isibonelelo sezoqoqosho, indawo ephantsi komhlaba iyafuneka engazinzanga kakhulu (kuba iindleko zokusebenza zonyuka ngokubonakalayo njengokunyuka kobunzulu) kwaye enezinto ezomileyo okanye amatye kodwa kubushushu obuphezulu kakhulu. Umhlaba ugrunjelwe ukufikelela kwezi zinto kwaye amanzi atofelwe kusombiwa. Xa la manzi ejoyiwe, kwenziwa omnye umngxunya osusa ngawo amanzi ashushu ukuze sisebenzise amandla alo.
Ukungancedi kolu hlobo lwamachibi kukuba itekhnoloji kunye nezixhobo zokwenza lo mkhuba nangoku azinakuphumelela kwezoqoqosho, ke umsebenzi uyenziwa kuphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa kwayo.
Idiphozithi yeGeyser
Iigiza yimithombo eshushu ekhupha indalo yomphunga kunye namanzi ashushu. Bambalwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yobuntununtunu babo, igiza zifunyenwe kwimeko apho intlonipho nokhathalelo lwabo kufuneka lube phezulu ukuze kungabangeli ukwehla kokusebenza kwabo.
Ukuze kukhutshwe ubushushu kumachibi egiza, ubushushu bawo mabufakwe ngqo kusetyenziswa oomatshini bomoya ukufumana amandla oomatshini. Ingxaki ngolu hlobo lokutsala kukuba ukufakwa kwakhona kwamanzi sele kubushushu obuphantsi kwenza i-magmas ipholile kwaye ibenze baphele. Kukwahlalutyiwe ukuba inaliti yamanzi abandayo kunye nokupholisa kwemagmas kuvelisa iinyikima ezincinci kodwa ezixhaphakileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ombane
Sizibonile iindidi zamanzi okugcina amandla e-geothermal, kodwa asikahlalutyi ukusetyenziswa abanokukunikwa. Namhlanje amandla e-geothermal anokufakwa kwiinkalo ezininzi kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ingasetyenziselwa ukufudumeza kunye nokwenza iimeko ezifanelekileyo kwizindlu zokugcina kunye nokubonelela ukufudumeza izindlu kunye neendawo zokuthenga.
Ingasetyenziselwa ukupholisa kunye nemveliso yamanzi ashushu asekhaya. Ngokubanzi amandla e-geothermal asetyenziselwa ii-spas, ukufudumeza kunye namanzi ashushu, ukuveliswa kwamandla ombane, ukukhutshwa kwezimbiwa kunye nezolimo kunye nezaselwandle.
Izinto eziluncedo zamandla ombane
- Into yokuqala ekufuneka siyigqamisile ngokubhekisele kuluncedo lwamandla aphuma kumandla endalo kukuba luhlobo lwe Amandla ahlaziyekayo ke athathwa njengamandla acocekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla akuvelisi ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhulisa ubushushu kwaye ngenxa yoko ayonakalisi umaleko weozone okanye igalelo ekwandiseni iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu.
- Njalo ivelisa inkunkuma.
- Iindleko zokuvelisa amandla ombane kolu hlobo lwamandla zibiza kakhulu. Zingabizi kakhulu kunezityalo zamalahle okanye kwizityalo zamandla enyukliya.
- Inani lamandla aphuma kumandla ombane anokuveliswa kwihlabathi kukholelwa ukuba liphezulu kunayo yonke ioyile, igesi yendalo, i-uranium kunye namalahle adibeneyo.
Ukungancedi kwamandla ombane
Okokugqibela, njengoko ingeyiyo yonke into intle, kuya kufuneka sihlalutye iziphene zokusebenzisa amandla ombane.
- Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu kukuba kusenokuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji encinci. Ngapha koko Akukhankanywanga xa kuhlaziywa izinto ezihlaziyiweyo.
- Kukho imingcipheko ngexesha lokuxhaphaza kwayo ukuvuza okunokwenzeka hydrogen sulfide kunye arsenic, ezingcolisa izinto.
- Ukuthintelwa komhlaba kuthetha ukuba izityalo zamandla ombane zibekwe kuphela kwiindawo apho ubushushu bomhlaba ongaphezulu buphezulu kakhulu. Ukongeza, amandla avelisiweyo kufuneka asetyenziswe kwindawo ekhutshwe kuyo, Ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa kwiindawo ezikude kakhulu njengoko ukusebenza kakuhle kuya kulahleka.
- Izibonelelo zezityalo zamandla aphuma kubushushu bomhlaba zibangela ukuba zikhulu iimpembelelo zomhlaba.
- Amandla e-geothermal ayisiwo amandla angenakuphela ngokwawo okoko ubushushu bomhlaba buphela.
- Kweminye imimandla apho kukhutshwa la mandla, iinyikima ezincinci zenzeka ngenxa yenaliti yamanzi.
Njengoko ubona, amandla ombane, nangona engaziwa kangako, unemisebenzi emininzi kunye neempawu ezininzi ekufuneka zithathele ingqalelo ikamva lamandla.
Fumanisa ezinye iintlobo zamandla ahlaziyekayo:
