Ekupheleni kukaJuni, abaphathiswa bezoqoqosho eJamani, eFransi nase-Italiya bafikelele kwisivumelwano sokuphucula intsebenziswano ukuze kulungiswe ngokudibeneyo imiqobo eyayanyaniswa nokunikezelwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo kwicandelo lezoshishino. Esi sithathu sikukhuthaze ngamandla ukugqityezelwa kothethwano ngoMthetho weMpahla eSisiseko kwinqanaba loluntu, sigxininisa imfuneko yesisombululo esikhawulezileyo. Ukongeza, bacele ukuba ingqwalaselo yandiswe ekusekeni iinjongo zomntu ngamnye zokutsalwa, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuhlaziya imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo nganye. Abantu abaninzi abazi zeziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekrwada kunye nokuba zibaluleke kangakanani kuqoqosho lwehlabathi.
Ke ngoko, kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekrwada kwaye zibaluleke kangakanani na.
Zeziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekrwada
Imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo zezo zibonelelo zendalo ziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwamashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nobuchwepheshe, ukufumaneka kwabo kunokuchaphazela kakhulu uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi ukuvelisa iimveliso zobugcisa obuphezulu, izixhobo zombane, izithuthi zombane kunye nobunye ubugcisa obuvelayo.
Izinto ezikrwada ezibalulekileyo ziquka iiminerali, isinyithi kunye nezinto zekhemikhali eziyimfuneko kwimveliso yempahla yabathengi kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezifana neodymium kunye nedysprosium, ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni imagnethi yee turbines zomoya kunye nezixhobo zombane. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya iintsimbi ezifana ne-cobalt, iyimfuneko kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezifumaneka kwizithuthi zombane kunye nezixhobo zombane eziphathwayo.
Ukugxekwa kwezi zixhobo zivela kubuchule bazo bokubaluleka, kunye nokunqongophala kobonelelo kunye noxinzelelo lwejografi kwiidiphozithi zabo. Kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumazwe ambalwa ngonikezelo lwayo, Ukufumaneka kwezi zixhobo zingase sengozini yokuphazamiseka ngenxa yezinto ezifana neengxabano ze-geopolitical, ukuguquguquka kwemfuno, kunye nemingeni yokusingqongileyo ehambelana nokutsalwa kwazo.
Iingxaki kwi-EU malunga nezona zinto zibalulekileyo zemathiriyeli
Ukuba ilizwekazi lizimisele ukwakha ikamva le-zero-carbon, izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinje nge-lithium kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba zigqithise ukubaluleka kwe-oyile kunye negesi kungekudala.
Ikhomishini yaseyurophu wenze uluhlu lwemathiriyeli eyaziwa ngokuba yimathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo, efuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kunye nengqalelo. Uluntu lwaseYurophu lujongene nomngcipheko omkhulu ukuba ukunikezelwa kwale mveliso kuphazamisekile, yingakho ukubaluleka kwayo kwezoqoqosho akunakujongelwa phantsi.
Kwi-2011, ingqikelelo ye-Critical Raw Materials iqulethwe zizonke izinto ze-11. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela ngo-2020, eli nani linyuke kakhulu laya kutsho kwitotali yezixhobo ezingama-30.
IKhomishini yaseYurophu iqalise inkqubo yokubonisana noluntu kuMthetho we-European Critical Raw Materials Act ngoNovemba 2, 2022.
Ziziphi izinto ezithathwa njengezibalulekileyo?
Ukuqala ngo-2008, umbutho waseka imilinganiselo ethile malunga nemathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo.
- Ukukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwezixhobo ezilinganayo nezizinzileyo kwiimarike zehlabathi
- Ukukhuthaza ukusekwa kwekhonkco lobonelelo oluzinzileyo kwiManyano yaseYurophu.
- Ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwezibonelelo ezikhoyo.
- Ukuthethelela ukwenziwa ngokutsha kunye nokwamkelwa koqoqosho lwesetyhula.
Ulawulo lwaseTshayina
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokunikezelwa kwezi zinto zilawulwa yiChina. Eyiqonda le nyaniso, amazwe aseYurophu azama ngenkuthalo iindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuba amashishini abo afikelela ngokuqhubekayo kwezi zixhobo zibalulekileyo. Babangcono intsebenziswano ekumbiweni, ekusulungekisweni nasekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kwezi zimbiwa njengendlela yokuphumeza le njongo.
Iiseli ze-photovoltaic, ii-injini zomoya kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki zixhomekeke kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-lithium, i-nickel, umhlaba onqabileyo, i-gallium kunye ne-tungsten. Ukukhula kweenguqu eziluhlaza kunye nedijithali yinyani engenakuphikiswa eya kuqhubeka isanda kwiminyaka ezayo.
Injongo ye-EU kukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwayo kungekuphela nje eTshayina kodwa kwanakumazwe anentabalala kobu butyebi.
Ukubaluleka kwemathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo namhlanje
Inkqubo yehlabathi iphantsi kweenguqu ezingenakuguqulwa kwaye ziqinisekiswe ngokwesayensi ezibonisa ngokucacileyo ukugxila kwangoku kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Utshintsho lucacisiwe kuphononongo "Izixhobo ezibalulekileyo kunye nobunzima bezoqoqosho kwiLatin America", eyenziwa ngabaphandi abavela kwiFaculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences (CENES) yaseColombia, zezi zilandelayo:
- Ukuveliswa kweegesi ze-greenhouse kuxanduva lokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
- Abemi behlabathi kulindeleke ukuba bafikelele malunga ne-10 yezigidigidi zabantu ngo-2050.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi
- Inkqubo yokuba iilwandle zibe neasidi ngakumbi.
- Utshintsho lwe-ecosystem kwindawo elawulwa yiplastiki
- Ukunyuka kwamanqanaba okusetyenziswa.
- Isidingo esiqhubekayo sokuhlaziya kunye nokuphelelwa ngabom kobuchwephesha bokusika kunokubangela ukuguga kunye nokukrazula.
Amazwe aseYurophu afuna ngenkuthalo ulawulo olungcono lwemathiriyeli ekrwada, ngakumbi ezo ziya kubumba ikamva lamashishini, ngenxa yemveliso egqithisileyo yezixa ezingalawulekiyo zenkunkuma ephilayo zizo zonke ezi zizwe.
Ngokungafaniyo noqoqosho lwaseLatin America, oluphawulwa ngokulula kunye noxinzelelo oluphantsi kuphando kunye nophuhliso, la mazwe abonisa isalathiso esibonakalayo sobunzima bezoqoqosho kunye nokugxila okubalulekileyo kwi-R&D. Ukunqongophala kokugxininiswa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo eziluhlaza kwiLatin America yimbangela yokukhathazeka.
iingozi ezinokwenzeka
Kukho iingozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nokusekwa kwe-OEM (uMbutho waMazwe aThumela iTyali ngaphandle) Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni we-OEM, umbutho ohlanganisa amazwe atyebile ngezimbiwa afana iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Chile, Peru, China, Russia, South Africa and Australia, ukwenza imali kwimfuno ekhulayo yehlabathi kunye nokuzuza izibonelelo zoqoqosho?
Ngelixa umbono wokuphumeza isibophelelo esinjalo unokuzisa imiqobo enxulumene nolawulo lwezixhobo kunye nokutshintsha kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi, unokuthwala iingozi ezinkulu kumazwe athembele kakhulu ekungenweni kwezi zimbiwa ngaphandle, kubandakanywa, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, amalungu aseYurophu. Union, iJapan kunye noMzantsi Korea. La mazwe anokujongana nokuphazamiseka ekuboneleleni ngekhonkco kunye nenkcitho eyandayo. eUnited States, oko Inenani elikhulu loovimba bezimbiwa, inokunciphisa impembelelo ukuya kumlinganiselo othile. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo zayo zangaphakathi aziyi kwanela ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zayo zexesha elizayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba zeziphi imathiriyeli ekrwada ebalulekileyo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.