Izixhobo zingahlelwa ngokwe Izinto zokugquma okanye ii-conductors, kuxhomekeke ekubeni bawuqhuba ngokukhawuleza na umbane. Olu lwahlulo luxhomekeke kwindlela ezisondelelene ngayo ii-electron kwisakhiwo sazo, njengoko oku kubonisa amandla afunekayo ukuze zihambe (okt ukuqhuba umbane) ngaphakathi kwezinto. Lo mahluko uluncedo ukuya kwinqanaba. Umzekelo, i-silica edityanisiweyo sisigqubuthelo esiphindwe kayi-10 seetriliyoni ngaphezulu kobhedu, ngoko ke ezi zimbini zihlala zibizwa ngokuba zii-insulators ezigqwesileyo kunye nee-conductor, ngokulandelelanayo. Izinyithi kunye namanzi angachithwanga zithathwa ngokuba zii-conductor ezilungileyo, ngelixa iiplastiki kunye neglasi zizigqudu ezilungileyo.
Kweli nqaku sikuxelela yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga nezixhobo zokugquma, iimpawu zabo kunye luncedo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Amanzi acocekileyo ngokwemichiza asisigqubuthelo. Kwindalo, nangona kunjalo, ikhona kwizisombululo zezinye izinto ezine-ion kulwakhiwo lwazo kunye namaqondo ahambelanayo enkululeko yokuhamba. Kule meko, ezi zisombululo ziyi-conductor zombane ezilungileyo kakhulu.
Amaqhinga okuthintela iingozi ezibangelwa kukwakhiwa kwe-electrostatic ziquka ukonyusa umgangatho wokuqhuba ngokunyusa ukufuma. Mamaxesha amaninzi, Iinkqubo ze-humidification zifakwe kule njongo kwaye zihlanganiswe kwiiyunithi zomoya. Umoya ofumileyo uqhuba umbane kwaye unqanda ukutshaja komphezulu.
Ngokuchasene nenkolelo ethandwayo, i-insulators ye-thermal ayifani ncam nabaqhubi be-thermal. Kuyinyani ukuba abaqhubi be-thermal banokuchasana okuncinci ekugqithiseni ubushushu, kodwa kunokuthiwa zonke izinto (nokuba zimbalwa) Zii-thermal conductors. kuquka ukufakwa kwe-thermal.
Enyanisweni, phantse nayiphi na into okanye into eshushu iya kuba shushu. Umahluko kukuba okunye ukuxhathisa kuthatha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba utshintsho lweqondo lokushisa lwenzeke. Oku kuvumela izixhobo ezithile ukuba zisetyenziswe njenge-insulation. Zizinto ezinokumelana nokushisa okwaneleyo kokusetyenziswa kwazo. Ngoko ke, Enye yezona zinto zikhuselayo zishushu kakhulu yivacuum ngokwayo, kuba akukho nto yokufudumala.
Ukugquma kwe-thermal kungasetyenziselwa iinjongo ezingenakubalwa, ezifana nokugquma iikhabhathi zeenqwelo-moya okanye ukuqinisa iindawo ezivaliweyo ezingqongwe ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ezinye zezinto ezithile ezikhuselayo ezisemthethweni zisemthethweni i-polystyrene eyandisiweyo, uboya beminerali (uboya belitye), ibhodi ye-kapok, i-polystyrene ekhutshiweyo, i-polyurethane foam okanye isikhokho esandisiweyo.
Iipropati zezinto zokukhusela
Nangona kucacile ukuba ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokugquma kuyatshintsha ngosuku ngalunye oludlulayo, kukho "ikhathalogu esemgangathweni" ekufuneka wonke umntu ayiqonde, enikwa ukufikeleleka kwayo ngokulula kunye luncedo kwiiprojekthi zokubuyiselwa kwamandla. Ukuqonda amandla ayo kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo kufuna izinto ezintathu: I-thermal conductivity, ukumelana nokushisa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-thermal.
Ngokwenkqubo yokuvelisa, izinto zokwahlulahlula kwaye zicwangciswe ngo:
- Izinto zokwenziwa kwemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo: Umzekelo, zonke imathiriyeli ezivela kwimathiriyeli ekrwada njengepetroleum. Zifumaneka kwiiplastiki.
- Izinto zemvelaphi ye-inorganic: ezi zixhobo azithathwa kwiiseli zezityalo okanye zezilwanyana, kwaye azihambelani nommandla wekhabhoni (umzekelo, iingubo zoboya beglasi).
- Izinto zemvelaphi yendalo ephilayo: imathiriyeli ethathwe kwiikhompawundi zezilwanyana okanye zemifuno (umzekelo, iintsinga ze-hemp)
Imizekelo yezinto zokugquma
Makhe sibone ukuba yeyiphi eyona mizekelo yaziwa kakhulu yezinto zokukhusela:
- Iinkuni: I-Conductive ngenxa yobukho betyuwa kunye nokufuma. Ihlala isetyenziselwa izakhiwo kunye neentonga ezahlukeneyo.
- I-silicate: Izinto zokugquma, ezifumaneka ikakhulu kwii-insulators. Ingaba yi-aluminium silicate (kwi-porcelain enzima) okanye i-magnesium silicate (kwi-talc okanye kwi-forsterite). Kwimeko yokuqala yinkxaso efanelekileyo yomqhubi wokufudumala.
- Udongwe olwandisiweyo. Yenziwe ngodongwe lwendalo kwaye isetyenziswe njenge-aggregate yodaka kunye nekhonkrithi, ukuphucula amandla okukhusela amacandelo ahlukeneyo okwakha.
- Iiseramics zeoksidi. Ukugquma i-spark plug, okanye ukusetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
- Iglasi. Ukufakwa kombane omfutshane naphakathi, akukho kufunxa ukufuma kodwa kulula ukugruzuka.
- Isikhokho: Ubunzima obuphantsi kunye nempahla ephantsi yoxinaniso, evumela ukubeka iileya ezininzi, ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-cork. Ikwayi-insulator engangeni manzi kakhulu.
- Irabha. Ukuguquguquka kwerabha kunika amandla ayo, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo inokumelana nokuguqulwa okuninzi ngaphandle kokuphuka nokubuyela kwimo yayo yokuqala. Irabha yogwebu ikwayinto yokugquma kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuthintela isandi.
- iiCeramics. Yi-insulator elungileyo enokufunxa okuphantsi kokufuma kunye nokumelana nempembelelo ephezulu. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwishishini lombane.
- I-aluminiyam oxide. Ngeendawo zokugquma umlilo kunye ne-spark plug insulation.
- Plástico. Yenye yezona zinto zikhuselayo zingcono kuba ukuqina kweebhondi zamasuntswana kwenza kube nzima ukuba ii-electron zikhululeke.
Ukufakwa kwe-thermal
Okokuqala, sifumanisa i-synthetic insulators. Ezi zixhobo zeRTD ezisebenzayo kakhulu ngamaxabiso aphantsi. Ukuba ezi zixhobo zokwenziwa zidityaniswe nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo, zinokusetyenziswa njenge-acoustic insulation.
Ezona zixhobo zixhaphakileyo zokugquma i-synthetic zezi:
- umqulu obonakalisayo Ziza kwimiqulu enye okanye ngaphezulu kwaye zibandakanya amaqamza e-polyethylene kunye ne-foil layers. Ubukhulu bayo bunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimozulu eza kwakhiwa kuyo. Ziyi-insulators ezibonisa i-thermal. Zisetyenziswa ngakumbi apho imozulu ilungelelene kwaye ifana.
- I-Polystyrene eyandisiweyo (EPS). Yinto enika i-insulation efanelekileyo ye-thermal ngaphandle kobunzima obuninzi, oko kukuthi, izinto ezincinci ezifunekayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo phantsi akukhuthazwa, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba uyibeke kwiindonga zokwahlula okanye ugcwalise izithuba phakathi kwabo.
- Ipolystyrene eyongeziweyo (XPS). Yeyona nto isetyenziswayo ukwahlula ubushushu bekhaya. Isixhobo esifana kakhulu nesangaphambili, kodwa sixhathisa ukufuma kunye nobunzima obuninzi ngaphandle kokukhubazeka. Ukongeza, yenziwe ngamashiti amancinci athatha indawo encinci kakhulu.
- Polyurethane. Enye yezona zinto zisetyenzisiweyo zokufakelwa kwe-thermal, eyona nto ibalulekileyo, iyaziwa. Ingasetyenziswa ngendlela ye-foam okanye ngendlela yeepaneli eziqinileyo. Inokuqhuba kakuhle kwe-thermal. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuxhaphake kakhulu kwiindonga zangaphakathi kunye neesilingi zobuxoki, okanye njenge-foam yesiko kumagumbi omoya okanye ukuqhekeka okufuneka kuzaliswe. I-drawback ephambili yalo mbandela kukukhutshwa kwezinto ezingahlaziywayo kwaye ngoko ke ukhuseleko lomlilo oluphantsi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela ezikhoyo kunye neziphi iimpawu zazo.