Irhafu yelanga

IBhunga labaPhathiswa liphumeze ukuphela kuka-2015, iRoyal Decree ebeka oko kubiza «irhafu yogcino»Ukuzisebenzisela amandla ngokwakho, eyaziwa ngokuba yirhafu elangeni

Ngelishwa, ezona zikrokro zimbi kwimibutho yabathengi, amaqela ezendalo, imibutho yamashishini kunye nenkcaso ziye zazaliseka. Babelumkisa ngale nyaniso ixesha elide, ukusukela oko Iminyaka engama-2 ngaphambili Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezemveliso lazise iinjongo zalo

Ngokusekwe kwingxelo ekhuthaze utshintsho oluthile kwiKhomishini kaZwelonke yeMakethi noKhuphiswano (i-CNMC), kunye nemvume elandelayo yeBhunga likaRhulumente; uRhulumente uwamkele lo mthetho mtsha ngaphandle kwengxaki.

Irhafu yelanga evunyiweyo phantsi kwegunya likaJosé Manuel Soria kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezemveliso ngomnye wale mithetho angaqondwa ngummi. Kutheni iJamani, ilizwe elinelanga elingaphantsi kunathi, ubeke iipleyiti ezininzi ngonyaka kuneSpain kuyo yonke imbali yayo?

Inyani yile yokuba iSpain ibikhuthaza kakhulu amandla ahlaziyekayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, kwaye ibonelela ngeebhonasi kwabo bafaka iipaneli zelanga. Nangona kunjalo, intelekelelo kwintengiso kunye nemilinganiselo yorhulumente we-PP ukusuka ngo-2011 baqala ukuyenza nzima le meko.

Kwimibutho yamazwe aphesheya enje ngeGreenpeace, imele "umgaqo-nkqubo ocacileyo wokohlwaya amandla ahlaziyekayo, ukonga kunye nokusebenza kwamandla."

Ngapha koko, iGreenpeace ibuza uRhulumente ukuba iSpain ube yinkokeli evuselelekayo kwakhona: Bafuna ukuba umthetho woTshintsho lwemozulu lwexesha elizayo ubandakanye i-100% yamandla acocekileyo. Bayakhumbula ukuba kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo babonisa ukusebenza kwabo kwezobuchwephesha nakwezoqoqosho.

Sperpentic, ungawabhatalisa njani amandla akho?

Ngokwesiqhelo, umthengi ofake iipleyiti kwaye uvelise umbane wakhe iqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi, apho ifumana khona amandla ongezelelweyo ukukhawulelana neemfuno zayo, ayisoloko ilanga libalele, inokuba nenkungu. Ngapha koko, amaxesha amaninzi into eveliswayo ayonelanga; kwaye ukuba ishiyekile ingathengiswa kuthungelwano

Kulowo wayesakuba nguMphathiswa Wezemveliso, uJosé Manuel Soria, “into emalunga nokuxelela umboleki ukuba ukuzisebenzisela ukuzisebenzisa kulungile, kodwa xa bezakusebenzisa uthungelwano sihlawula kunye Kukwafuneka nokuba ibe negalelo kuba, ukuba akunjalo, abanye bethu baya kuba bahlawula inxenye yento esiyisebenzisayo ». Umphathiswa obefanele ukurhoxa kwiinkampani zakhe ezingaselunxwemeni ePanama.

UJose Manuel Soria

Uvavanyo lukaSoria lwasesidlangalaleni lwaqala xa kwafunyaniswa ukuba yena, kunye nomntakwabo, bavela kumaxwebhu afunyenwe kwi Ifemu yezomthetho yasePanamani iMossack Fonseca, Imvelaphi yokuvuza apho uninzi lweendaba kwihlabathi liphela ziye zafikelela, eSpain La Sexta kunye 'El Confidencial'. Intloko yecandelo lezamashishini yatsho emva koko kwiiCanary Islands ukuba yayiyimpazamo kwaye nomntakwabo naye wayengazi ukuba kutheni utyikityo lwakhe luvela nakweliphi na lamaxwebhu. Kwaye ukunika ukuthembeka kwintetho yakhe, waqinisekisa ukuba ucele ukutshutshiswa kweNkundla yeSizwe ukuba iqinisekise ukuba akanazo iinkampani ePanama. Emva kwexesha, imvume entsha yokukhangela yandiswa naseBahamas.

Ukusuka apho, utyikityo lukaJosé Manuel Soria kunye nomntakwabo baqala ukuntywila kumaxwebhu enkampani angakhange awamkele umphathiswa, de kukhutshwe ubungqina bobudlelwane babo nendawo yerhafu.

Isibonelelo

Ubuphathiswa buqwalasele oko kuxolelwa ekuhlawuleni irhafu yelanga ingayinkxaso ngeendleko zabanye abathengi. Kwinkomfa noonondaba eyenzeka emva kweBhunga laBaphathiswa, owayesakuba nguMphathiswa u-Soria wanyanzelisa ukuba abathengi abazisebenzisayo bahlawule iirhafu zothutho kunye nokusasaza "kwindlela abasebenzisa ngayo" inkqubo kwaye banikele "njengaye nawuphi na umthengi." Kwezinye iindleko. .

Ngale ndlela ibukeka ilungile, kwaye akukho mntu uyiphikayo, kodwa xa ungena kwiinkcukacha, izinto ziyatshintsha, njengomququzeleli we inkampani yoqoqosho lwentlalo uEcooo (UMario Sánchez-Herrero): «Eyona nto isengqiqweni kukuba aba bathengi bahlawulela le nkxaso (irhafu yelanga), nini kwaye kuphela kuloo maxesha apho bafuna ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi, hayi, njengoko kumiselwe umgaqo osandula ukwamkelwa, ngamaxesha apho bangadliyo kwinethiwekhi, oko kukuthi, kula maxesha apho iipaneli ze-photovoltaic zisebenza khona ».

Liya kuba nayiphi ixabiso irhafu yelanga?

Kwimeko yabasebenzisi bendawo yokuhlala, malunga ne-9 ye-euro kunye ne-VAT ngonyaka nge-kW yamandla iyakubizwa kwiphaneli nganye abanayo ekhaya (irhafu yelanga). Ngokutsho kweengcali ezininzi, ukusilela kolu hlobo lomthengi ayisiyiyo irhafu, kodwa kunokuba bengenayo akukho kubuya kumandla abavelisa kunye nokulahla kwinethiwekhi.

Ngapha koko, kumbane osebenza ngombane usenokunika iipesenti ezingama-50 zawo onke amandla aveliswayo ngofakelo lwakho, ethi ithi: Endesa, Iberdrola, iGesi yeNdalo okanye nantoni na yombane, iza kuyithengisa kummelwane wakho ngeesenti ezili-12 nge kilowatt-iyure (kWh). Yinyani leyo yishishini kwaye yonke into ayinamsebenzi.

Kwizibonelelo ezikhulu, ezamashishini, abathengi baya kuhlawula iirhafu ezimbini. Ezo euro ziyi-9 kunye ne-VAT nganye yekW yamandla eepaneli kunye neyahlukileyo ehambelana nendleko zamandla. "Yeyona inefuthe lokwenyani" ngokweengcali ezininzi kwicandelo, kwaye iyakuba malunga neesenti ezintlanu kw kWh nganye abazivelisayo nabazisebenzisayo.

Ngenxa yeendleko elinazo kule nkqubo, iZiqithi zeBalearic kunye neCanary Islands ziya kukhululwa kwirhafu.

Ngubani lo ubabalayo?

Umzi mveliso ukhusela ukuba isiGqibo saseRoyal sijolise ekuqinisekiseni uzinzo kwezoqoqosho nakwezemali kwinkqubo kwaye kuthintela bonke abathengi «Nika inkxaso»Ukuzisebenzisela ukuzisebenzisa, kubo« ngumrhumo wobumbano ».

Kodwa ukubona le nkqubo, kuya kufuneka sihlalutye ingxelo ye-REE (i-Red Eléctrica Española), kunye neenkampani zombane ezinkulu ezifana ne-Iberdrola, i-Endesa…. Siyabona ukuba kuzo zonke iziphumo zikhona mabhiliyoni, hayi iziphumo zehlabathi, kodwa iziphumo eSpain.

Xa urhulumente ethetha "ngenkqubo," ezininzi mibutho Bacela ukuthetha "ngengxelo yengeniso yeenkampani ezinkulu zombane."

Iziphumo ze-2016

Endesa

Umbane Endesa idubule i-30% yayo inzala emveni kotsalo. Ngo-2016, inkampani yayiholwa ngu IBorja Prado izuze i-1.411 yezigidi zeerandi, ngokolwazi oluthumele kwiKhomishini kaZwelonke yoKhuseleko kunye neKhomishini yeNtengiso (CNMV).

Ingeniso yakho yokusebenzaEbitda) ikhule nge-13%, ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-3.432; kwaye i 'ukuhamba KWEMALI'(Ukuhamba kwemali) kwimisebenzi inyuke nge-13%, yafikelela kwi-2.995 yezigidi ze-euro.

Iberdrola

U-Iberdrola uvale i-2016 ngenzuzo ye-2.705 yezigidi zeerandi, inani elimele ukwanda nge-11,7% xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka ophelileyo. Inzala efunyanwa rhoqo iphuculwe nge-12%, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2.531,7 yezigidi.

Ingeniso esebenzayo ngaphambi kokuhlawulwa kwamatyala (ebitda) ibimi kwizigidi ezingama-7.807,7, ezi-5,5% ngaphezulu, ngelixa inzuzo yokusebenza idubule i-18,9%, yaya kwi-4.554 yezigidi. Ngokumalunga nomda opheleleyo, ikhule nge-0,6%, ukuya kwi-12.916,2 yezigidi.

Irhasi yendalo

Irhasi yendalo uphumelele I-1.347 yezigidi ze-euro ngo-2016, Oko kuthetha ukunciphisa inzuzo nge-10,3%, echaphazeleka ku imeko engathandekiyo Kwimarike yamazwe aphesheya, kuthintelwe yimpembelelo yomahluko kumanqanaba otshintshiselwano kunye nemingcipheko kwishishini elithile, njengokungenelela kwenkxaso-mali yombane waseColombia ngoNovemba.

Umbutho wokhuselo lwamalungelo abathengi (i-FACUA) ukwala ukuba urhulumente unyanzelisa "iimfuno zeenkampani ezinkulu zombane kunabo babathengi, abonzakeleyo kwezoqoqosho«. Ngelishwa, siyakhumbula ukuba "inkqubo eqhubekayo ibangele ukwanda kombane kumakhaya angama-74,93% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo."

Ngelishwa, iGreenpeace kunye neminye imibutho iqinisekisile kule minyaka mi-2 idlulileyo yokuba ngala manyathelo, urhulumente unikezele nge-vassalage ku i-oligopoly yombane«.

Ngapha koko, nguRhulumente Kwakulo nyaka mnye, wavotela umthetho oyilwayo oxhasa ukuzisebenzisa kombane ngaphandle kwezityholo kwaye oko kwaxhaswa ngawo onke amaqela ezopolitiko, ngaphandle kwePP kunye neForo Asturias. Ukulungiswa kwayo kukuba kuya kuthetha ukwehla kwengeniso kwaye i-162 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka ayinakuqokelelwa ngerhafu.

Ngokworhulumente, iyazisebenzisela ukuzisebenzisa, ayixhasi

Ngokuka-Executive Mariano Rajoy, ngokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo bavelisa amandla abo, inyanzela abo bangenazo ezo zixhobo ukuba bathathe iindleko eziphezulu ze ukugcinwa kwenkqubo. Ukongeza, ufakelo lwe-photovoltaic lubiza kakhulu, kwaye ke yinto yabazizityebi egxininisa ukungalingani kwezentlalo zelizwe lethu.

Imibutho emininzi efana ne-OCU iyazichitha ezi ngxoxo zimbini. Kuqala, bakhusela izibonelelo zokuzisebenzisela ukulungelwa okuqhelekileyo, "okungahambelaniyo nembono yokungabikho komanyano", njengokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwegesi yendlu eluhlaza, ukungenisa elizweni iifosili, ukuphucula intsalela yeentlawulo, ingqesho. Okwesibini, bayangqina ukuba ngommiselo wokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho ofana nalowo uvunyiweyo kwihlabathi liphela okhuthaza uncedo ekufumaneni nasekufakweni kwezixhobo, umbane ovela kwiiphaneli ubiza ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu kunoko sihlawula ngoku. Ngapha koko, ukuzisebenzisela ukuzisebenzisa kunokuba sisixhobo esinye ngokuchasene nendlala yamandla kunye nokungalingani.

Kutheni le nto uRhulumente efuna ukuxhasa iinkampani ezinkulu zombane?

Imibutho emininzi yabathengi iyakhumbula ukuba "nangona isenokuvakala ukuba idemagogic kwaye ilula" - ukuba iingcango ezijikelezayo, xa ezopolitiko ehamba esidlangalaleni esiya ngasese, azikhawulelwanga kumatyala aziwayo kwezona zikhundla ziphezulu, ezinje ngobudlelwane balowo wayesakuba ngumongameli zikarhulumente UFelipe Gonzalez ngeGesi yendalo uFenosa, okanye uJosé María Aznar kunye no-Endesa, kodwa ke kukho umtya opheleleyo wezikhundla zolawulo oluphakathi ezibalela kuloo minyango ukuqhubeka ijika.

Kodwa ukongeza, uxela, uRhulumente uyakhusela ukuba "izinto ezibalulekileyo, ezinje ngokubonelela ngombane, kufuneka zinakekelwe ziinkampani ezinkulu, kwaye kufuneka Iintshatsheli ezinkulu zaseSpain ukuba nobunzima emhlabeni nokuba uqoqosho lwethu luyasebenza. Oko kwenzeka ngokuqinisekisa ukuba kwintengiso ebanjiweyo, banengeniso eyoneleyo ukuze bangaphulukani nonyawo kukhuphiswano olunamandla abalugcinayo kunye neenkampani ezifanayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi. Bakhusele ngayo nayiphi na indleko.

Ingxaki ye-boom

Njengoko kuchaziwe ziingcali ezininzi:

"Ingxaki kwiinkampani zombane kukuba batyale kakhulu kwizityalo zomjikelo odibeneyo, imveliso yemveliso esebenzisa igesi ukuvelisa umbane. Ezi zityalo, ngenxa yengxaki, zisebenza iiyure ezingama-800-1.000 ngonyaka, xa ziya kuba ziiyure ezingama-5.000-6.000. Ukuba ukuzisebenzisela ukuzisebenzisa bekuvunyelwe ngemigaqo efanelekileyo, hayi kuba iyayithanda kodwa ayiyenzakalisi, endaweni yokusebenza iiyure ezingama-800 bebezakusebenza i-100, kwaye ke ngela nangoku nzima ngakumbi ukubuyela kutyalo-mali olukhulu abalwenzileyo »

Ngaba abamelwane bethu baseYurophu banerhafu yelanga?

Njengoko ukhumbula i Umanyano lweSpanish Photovoltaic (Unef), umbutho odibanisa iinkampani ezithile ezingama-300 kwicandelo laseSpain. Ilizwe elinelanga elinintabalala, apho limema ukuba liphakamise olu hlobo lwamandla, kuphela kwelizwe apho kulungiselelwa umgaqo "ukuze ukuzisebenzisela ukukhula kungaphuhlisi" (irhafu yelanga).

Photshugo

Ngaphandle kokuya phambili, ummelwane wethu iPortugal «ivumela ukuphuculwa kokuzisebenzisela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1MW ngaphandle kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lwerhafu kunye nemali eseleyo yenziwa ngokuhlawula ixabiso Intsalela yamandla ngama-90% exabiso lentengiso »

EFransi

E-France ithathe isigqibo sokubheja kumandla e-photovoltaic. Njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sokuphindaphinda kathathu amandla e-photovoltaic nge-2023, umlawuli wamandla waseFrance waseCRE udibanise uninzi Ithenda yeeprojekthi zamandla ahlaziyekayo Ukuzisebenzisela ukuthengisa.

Esi sicwangciso siquka iiprojekthi ezinokuthathwa njengobungakanani obuphakathi, nomthamo ophakathi kwe-100 kW kunye ne-500 kW. Ukufikelela kuncedo, abanini bofakelo kufuneka izisebenzisele ngaphezulu kwe-50% yamandla avelisiweyo, Ukuthengisa okuseleyo kwinkampani yombane kawonke-wonke ka-EDF. Ezi ntengiso ziya kukhuthazwa ngoncedo olongezelelekileyo lwee-euro ezingama-50 ngeyure ye-megawatt kwisigaba sokuqala, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40 kwifowuni yokugqibela yesicwangciso ngo-2020. Kwimeko yokungathobeli ubuncinci be-50% yamandla ozisebenzisileyo Umvuzo uyehla.

Alemania

EJamani, iinkampani ezinkulu zombane ezinje nge-EON zikhuthaza ukuzisebenzisela abathengi bazo. Ukusukela ngo-Epreli odlulileyo, abathengi bayo bazokwazi ukuvelisa amandla elanga kwaye bayigcine ngaphandle komda, bayisebenzise kamva nanini na kwaye nangayiphi na indlela abafuna ngayo. Inkonzo ibizwa Ilifu leSolarAbavelisi bamandla elanga baya kuba nakho ukugcina inani elingenamda kwiakhawunti yombane ebonakalayo kwaye bayisebenzise kuyo xa beyifuna.

Okwangoku akukho ntlawulo

Ingxabano enjalo engento. Irhafu yelanga edumileyo ebesithetha ngayo kweli nqaku, iphunyezwe ekupheleni kuka-2015 ayisetyenziswa.

Kubonakala ngathi owayesakuba yintloko yomgaqo-nkqubo wezamandla kaRhulumente wayengenalo ixesha lokugqibezela uphuhliso lolawulo olufunwa kukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo-nkqubo. Irhafu kufakelo lwe-photovoltaic Yokuhlala uqhagamshele kwinethiwekhi yonikezelo.

Ngokuka-José Donso, umlawuli jikelele we-UNEF: Umthetho werhafu yelanga uvunyiwe, kodwa imiyalelo yomphathiswa eya kuphuhlisa imeko yesiqhelo ayisebenzi. Yiyo loo nto urhulumente engekahlawulisi hayi iyuro Irhafu yelanga. Ukongeza, inkcaso izama ukuqiniseka ukuba awusebenzi loo mthetho ukuthintela ukuba uye phambili.

Ngapha koko, loo rhafu yayikukucoca ikhekhe yezicucu eqalwe liqela elidumileyo ngo-2010, elishiya amandla ahlaziyekayo ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwemithombo yamandla. iibhonasi zemveliso. Oko kusikwa ngesiquphe kukhubaze ukukhula kweetekhnoloji ezicocekileyo kwaye, ngakumbi, iifotovoltaics kunye nokuzisebenzisa kombane.

UTesla udlulisa irhafu yelanga

Ngaphandle kwesidubedube esikhulu sento ebizwa ngokuba 'yirhafu yelanga' eyamkelwa nguRhulumente waseMariano Rajoy ekupheleni kuka-2015, i-American Tesla sele iqalile ukufumana ii-odolo zokufaka Uphahla lwelanga. Idityaniswe nePowerwall yayo 2 yokugcina ibhetri, ezi ndlu zelanga zitshintshayo ziya kuvumela amakhaya ukuba azenzele amandla ombane ohlaziyekayo ngokusebenzisa iithayile zophahla lwethayile yeglasi kunye neeseli ezihlanganisiweyo zelanga.

Kwi isitoreji, UTesla sele evumela abathengi baseSpain ukuba baodole uphahla lweSolar ekuhlawuleni idiphozithi ye-930 euro. Esi siqinisekiso "sibuyiselwa ngokupheleleyo de ugqibezele ukuthenga kwakho kwaye wamkele isivumelwano sokufaka." Inkampani ayinikezeli Akukho lwazi ngamaxabiso okanye umhla wokuhanjiswa. “Ungayibhukisha kwaye sikuqinisekisa ngokubonisana nonyaka ozayo xa ifumaneka kwintengiso, emva koko ungathatha isigqibo sokuba uqhubeke okanye awuqhubeki; Ukuba awufuni, imali yokubhukisha iyabuyiselwa ”, icacisa inkonzo yayo yeminxeba eSpain.

Iintsika ezintathu zotshintsho lwamandla

Ku-Elon Musk kukho izahlulo ezithathu ekuguqulweni kumandla elanga: ukuveliswa (ngohlobo lweepaneli zelanga), ukugcinwa (iibhetri) kunye nokuhamba (iimoto zombane). Injongo yakhe kukugubungela amanyathelo amathathu nenkampani yakhe iTesla.

Yiyo loo nto umbono wokujoyina iipaneli kunye neebhetri. Kude kube ngoku, nabani na ofuna ukubheja kumandla elanga kwaye enze ngaphandle kwigridi yombane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kufuneka athenge iipaneli kwinkampani yesibini, kunye neebhetri ezivela eTesla. Ukusukela ngoku ukuya phambili, amanyathelo aya zenza lula kakhulu, kuba iipaneli kunye neebhetri ziya kudibana. Ukuba sidibanisa iimoto zombane zeTesla kunye netshaja entsha kuloo nto, sine3-in-1 efanelekileyo.