Enye yesayensi ethathelwa ingqalelo njengeyona indala ikhoyo kwaye ikwaqwalaselwa njengelinye lamasebe ngaphakathi kwibhayoloji yile zendalo. Ukusukela oko umntu aqala ukujonga indalo ukukhangela izityalo ze-lacquer zokuzondla, ukuzingela okanye ukufumana indawo yokuhlala kwaye enezinto eziyimfuneko, i-ecology yaqala ukubakho. Emva kwexesha, kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nesidingo sokufumanisa kunye nokufunda ngakumbi ngeplanethi yethu, yaba yinzululwazi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-ecology, ezona mpawu zayo ziphambili kunye numahluko phakathi kwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Yintoni i-ecology
Imalunga nesayensi efunda ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nendawo abahlala kuyo. Inokushwankathelwa kule meko. Nangona kunjalo, lelinye lawona masebe antsonkothileyo kwaye apheleleyo esayensi. Inkcazo ye-ecology inokuba lula kodwa into yokufunda inzima kakhulu. Ngamanye amagama, ijolise ekufundeni indlela okusingqongileyo okuluchaphazela ngayo ukuhanjiswa kwayo, ubuninzi, ukwahlukahlukana, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nako konke ukuhlangana okukhoyo phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokulungiswa okunokubangelwa kokusingqongileyo.
Njengoko unokulindela, zonke ezi njongo zokufunda zintsonkothile njengoko zinamandla amakhulu. Ukuzinza kwezi ngcamango kuyinto engabonakaliyo. Asinako ukubala ezinye zeendlela zokuziphatha esingqongileyo. Amanqanaba ophando lwe-ecology ahlukile ku: izinto eziphilayo, uluntu kunye noluntu loluntu yintoni eyenza i-ecosystems. Kukho amanye amasebe ajolise kuphando lwendalo ngokubanzi.
Ngokungafaniyo namanye amasebe e-biology ahambelana ngqo nemfuza, indaleko, i-physiology kunye ne-ecology, phakathi kwabanye, sinayo i-ecology njengoqeqesho oluphambili. Kwaye yisayensi eyahlukileyo kwezinye ukusukela oko indlela egxile kuyo inqanaba lokuzalwa, ukusweleka, ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo ukuhanjiswa kweentlobo, abantu kunye nokuvela koluntu.
Abaphandi bale nzululwazi
Umphandi wokuqala owayene ecology yayingu Haeckel ngo 1869. Ezinye zezona ndawo zibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imbali URamón Margalef kunye no-Eugene P. Odum. Ezi nzululwazi zithathwa njengoBawo be-ecology yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba i-ecology ibe nendawo yayo, babekhona abanye bendalo ababenegalelo ekufumaneni nasekuqwalaseleni okukhulu. Abanye babo yayingu-Earl kaBuffon, uAlexander von Humboldt, uDarwin, uLamarck ...
Yonke imbali yendalo igcwele ngoochwephesha bezengqondo abaye bachaza ukusebenza kwehlabathi. Ngeenjongo ezibonakalayo, sinokuthi i-ecology iya kufuna ukuchaza ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo kwendalo yonke.
Umahluko phakathi kwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo
Enye yezinto eziphambili ezihlala zididekile kuluntu lwanamhlanje yi-ecology kunye nokusingqongileyo. Umbutho wokusingqongileyo uninzi lwefilosofi yobomi kunesayensi. Oku kudideka okukhoyo kumajelo eendaba nakwiilwimi zemihla ngemihla kudala iingxaki ezithile kunxibelelwano lwezenzululwazi. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba ucace malunga nokuba yintoni i-ecology kwaye ifunda njengesayensi kwaye ayibandakanyi nayiphi na i-biology kodwa isekwe kwindlela yesayensi.
Kukho ezinye iinzululwazi ezithi zibalulekile kufundisiso lwe-ecology njengoko kunjalo ne-edaphology. Yinzululwazi efunda imeko zomhlaba kunye neempawu zazo ukubonelela ngolwazi malunga nokukhula kwezityalo nezilwanyana. Imozulu inceda ukwazi ukwabiwa kweqondo lobushushu kunye nemvula ukuqonda ngcono imeko yemozulu yendawo. Kwelinye icala, i-ecology nayo ifuna isayensi enje ngezibalo kunye neenkcukacha-manani ukuze ikwazi ukwenza iimodeli ekuziphatheni koluntu nakubantu.
Konke oku kubonisa ukuba i-ecology sisayensi entsonkothileyo ekufuneka ikhulisiwe zezinye iinzululwazi ukuze inike inkcazo. Nangona kunjalo, okusingqongileyo sisigqibo esimalunga nentlonipho okanye indalo, ukuncitshiswa kwempembelelo yokusingqongileyo eveliswa yimisebenzi ethoba isidimanjl. Yintshukumo efuna ukunciphisa iimpembelelo zabantu kwindalo. Ikwafuna ukukhusela izibonelelo zendalo ukuze izizukulwana ezizayo zikwazi ukusebenzisa izibonelelo njengoko sizazi namhlanje.
Zeziphi izifundo ze-ecology
I-ecology sisayensi efunda unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nendalo esingqongileyo ezihlala kuyo. Ikwafunda nonxibelelwano phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Singatsho ukuba kwimeko apho iintlobo zezilwanyana zihlala khona, sahlula izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nezinto eziphilayo. Izinto zomzimba ezo zifana nobushushu, ukukhanya kwelanga, ukufuma, njl. Izinto zebhayiloji ubudlelwane kunye nezinye iintlobo ezihlala kwimeko enye. Umzekelo, singabonisa njengezinto zebhayoloji ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwabaphangi abaphrintiweyo.
Ukutshintshiselana kokuhamba kwamandla kunye nomba kwizinto eziphilayo nayo ikwayinjongo yesifundo se-ecology. Eminye imiba efundwa yi-ecology yimijikelezo ye-biogeochemical, imixokelelwane ye-trophic okanye imveliso kunye nemveliso yendalo. Zonke ezi njongo zidityanisiwe kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo okufunda. Makhe sihlalutye ukuba ziyintoni:
- Inqanaba lomzimba: izifundo ngendalo nendlela abantu abachaphazeleka ngayo yimo engqongileyo kunye neyendalo.
- Kwinqanaba labemi: I-ecology ijolise kubukho okanye ukungabikho kweentlobo ezithile. Ikwahlalutya kwakhona ubuninzi kunye nokunqongophala kunye nokuba inani labantu bohlobo oluthile lutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kule nto ufuna iimodeli zemathematics kunye nezibalo.
- Kwinqanaba loluntu: Ufunda ukwakhiwa kunye nolwakhiwo loluntu kunye nokusebenza okufanayo. Izinto ezinje ngokufuduswa kwamandla ngokuhamba, igalelo lezakhamzimba kunye nezinye iimveliso zeekhemikhali kuluntu zichaziwe apha. Uluntu lunokufundwa ngokujonga abantu kwaye basebenzise iimpawu zabo kwinqanaba lokuthuthuzela.
Kunokuthiwa i-ecology ivela njengesayensi esisiseko ukuzama ukuqikelela utshintsho kwiinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo. Uninzi lolu tshintsho luhambelana nemisebenzi yabantu. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-ecology kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.