Ezona zityalo ziguqukileyo zeqela le-spermatophytes. Babandakanya zonke izityalo ezivelisa imbewu nezivelisa iintyatyambo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesityalo. Kukwiintyatyambo apho zihlala khona izakhiwo zokuzala. Eyahlukileyo Icandelo leentyatyambo Zizo ezo zikhulisa iigetet zamadoda nabasetyhini kwaye kulapho ukuchumisa kunye nokuveliswa kwembewu kwenzeka khona. Kwintyatyambo kukwakho nezakhiwo zokukhusela nokuhluma.
Kule nqaku siza kuthatha isigqibo phakathi kweendawo zeentyatyambo kunye nomsebenzi ngamnye kubo.
Yintoni intyatyambo
Ukuze ukwazi ukucacisa ukuba yintoni intyatyambo kwaye uyazi yonke imisebenzi yayo, kuya kufuneka uyazi ukuba yintoni inkcazo yayo. Intyatyambo sisiqu sokukhula okulinganiselweyo esikhula ngokwesiqhelo kumagqabi. Amagqabi alungisiwe ukuze abe nomsebenzi wokuzala. Zonke ezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuba zii-anthophiles. Ngaphakathi kwe-anthophiles siya kwiipalali kunye ne-sepals. Ngamnye wabo unamalungu ahlukeneyo kwaye akhethekileyo kwimisebenzi enye okanye emininzi. Eminye yale misebenzi kukwenziwa kweegethi, ukusasazwa kweziqhamo kunye nembewu, ukusasazeka kwembewu kunye nolunye ulwakhiwo olukhusela intyatyambo.
Siyazi ukuba eyona njongo iphambili yezityalo kukusasaza nokwandisa indawo yabo yokuhambisa. Ke ngoko, iintyatyambo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusindeni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ze-spermatophyte. Ayizizo zonke iintyatyambo eziba nempumelelo yokuzala, ke ngoko kuxhomekeke kuhlobo ngalunye ukuba nenani elikhulu okanye elincinci lentyatyambo.
Icandelo leentyatyambo
Sizahlulahlula izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezinayo intyatyambo ngokubanzi. Iindawo zentyatyambo zingahlulwa kubini: kwelinye icala, sinamalungu anomsebenzi ophambili wokuzala kunye nongekhoyo. Iindawo zentyatyambo ezingenawo umsebenzi wokuzala zibizwa ngokuba ziiperianth kwaye zenziwa yicalx. Iketshi yenziwe ngala macandelo alandelayo kwaye onke ayinyumba. Ezi zinto zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- I-Sepals: iingcwaba zentyatyambo zezo ziphantsi kwezono kwaye zisebenza njengenkxaso yokukhusela.
- ICorolla: i-corolla yenziwa ngamagqabi.
Iindawo zentyatyambo ezinomsebenzi wokuzala zezi zilandelayo:
- Androecium: I-androecium yenziwa zii-stamens zezi ziqulathe iinkozo ze-pollen. Umungu lelungu lokuzala lesityalo.
- Ngumtsalane: ngaphakathi kwe-gynoecium sifumana iipistil kunye nee-carpels zazo. IiCarpels zizitho zokuzala zabasetyhini kwisityalo se-spermatophyte.
- IiCarpels: yahlulwe yajika yaba yi-ovary, isitayile kunye nebala.
Imisebenzi yamalungu eentyatyambo
Nje ukuba sazi ukuba ayintoni na amalungu eentyatyambo, siyabona ukuba ngalinye kuwo likhethekileyo kumsebenzi othile. Makhe sibone ukuba zintoni:
- U-Peduncle: yinto eyaziwa njengekona exhasa intyatyambo. Ayisiyo nxalenye eyinxalenye yamaqhekeza eentyatyambo enjalo kodwa inomsebenzi wokuxhasa.
- UkwamkelwaKukwaziwa nangokuthi igama lokugawula iintyatyambo. Kukukhula kwePeduncle ekhonza ukufaka i-antofilos. Eli candelo alisiyonxalenye yeentyatyambo.
- I-Chalice: Yinxalenye yentyatyambo eyenziwe ngezakhiwo ezimile okwegqabi. Ezi zakhiwo zibizwa ngokuba zii-sepals kwaye zinombala oluhlaza ngokubanzi. Umsebenzi wecalyx kukukhusela intyatyambo.
- ICorolla: yinxalenye eyakhiwe zizakhiwo ezithile ezinemilo yamagqabi. Zihlala zinemibala eyahlukeneyo eyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo oluthile kwaye zaziwa ngegama leepalali. Amagqabi akhiwa emva kweengcwaba ngexesha lokukhula kunye nokukhula kweentyatyambo. Umsebenzi weepalali kukuvota. Ukwenza oku, isebenzisa iimilo zayo kunye nemibala eqaqambileyo ukutsala umdla wezipolinator. Phakathi kwezona zinto zixhaphaza umvumvuzelo sinezinambuzane ezifana neenyosi.
- Androecium: Inxalenye yentyatyambo equlethe amalungu okuzala oyindoda. La malungu okuzala abizwa ngokuba zii-stamens. Yinxalenye yobuduna yentyatyambo kwaye istamen ngasinye senziwe ngentambo ekupheleni kwayo apho sifumana i-anther. Kulapha apho ii-gametes ezingamadoda, eziyi-pollen grains, ezenziwayo.
- Ngqindilili: yile nxalenye yeentyatyambo enamalungu omfazi okuzala. Iyaziwa ngegama le-pistil eyenziweyo, yona, kunye nee-carpels. Carpel nganye yahlulwe zangamacandelo amathathu. Kwelinye icala, sine-ovary, eyinxalenye eyandisiweyo apho iqanda likhoyo. Isitayile yindawo evulekileyo phakathi kwe-ovary kunye nebala. Okokugqibela, ibala liyinxalenye yokugqibela yesitayile kwaye inesakhiwo esincangathi, owona msebenzi uphambili kukubamba kunye nokugcina iinkozo zomungu ukuze zichume.
Iindidi zeentyatyambo
Sele sizazi ukuba zeziphi iindawo ezahlukeneyo zentyatyambo, kwaye, ngale nto, kufuneka sazi ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentyatyambo. Nangona bonke beqela le-angiosperms, banokuhlelwa ngokweendawo ezahlukeneyo zokujonga. Ukuba sihlela izityalo ze-angiosperm ngenxalenye yazo yokuzala, sinezo ntlobo zineentyatyambo zesilisa ezine-stamens kuphela kwaye ezinye ezineentyatyambo zabasetyhini ezineepistils kuphela. Kukho ezinye iintyatyambo ze-hermaphroditic ezinamalungu okuzala kwaye azidingi ezinye iisampulu zangaphandle zokuzala. Ufuna nje i-pollinators engathwala i-pollen grains ukusuka kwintyatyambo yindoda ukuya kumfazi.
Siza kuhlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentyatyambo ngokobume beentyatyambo abanazo:
- Iintyatyambo ezipheleleyo: skwezo ziqukethe izinto ezi-4 zeentyatyambo eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo wale rose.
- Iintyatyambo ezingaphelelanga: abanazo ezi zinto zine. Umzekelo wale nto yi-begonia. Esi sityalo sinama-stamens okanye iipistils kodwa azizange zombini. Ziintyatyambo ezinesini esinye kuphela.
- Iimonocots: kwezi zityalo intyatyambo ikhula kwityotyombe elinye elinika imbewu. Amagqabi anomthambo omnye kuphela. Imizekelo yoku ziinyibiba, iiorchid, ii-tulips, ii-crocuses, njl.
- Iidikethi: intyatyambo ikhula kwiimbotyi ezimbini ezinikezwe yimbewu. Imizekelo yoku zii-margaritas, i-nasturtiums kunye ne-portulacas.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neendawo ezahlukeneyo zeentyatyambo kunye neempawu zayo.