Lokacin da muke magana akan kwayoyin, ilmin halitta da kuzari, wani ra'ayi koyaushe yana zuwa mana wanda aka sani da sunan ATP. Kwayar halitta ce wacce take bayyana a koyaushe a kusan dukkanin rayayyun halittu masu rai. Ba kowa ya san menene ATP ba kuma menene ainihin ayyukan sa.
Saboda haka, zamu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku game da duk halaye, aiki da mahimmancin ATP.
Babban fasali
Muna magana ne game da kwayar halittar da take kusan dukkanin halayen halittu masu rai da rayayyun halittu. Hanyoyin sunadarai kamar glycolysis, Krebs sake zagayowar. Abokinsa da ba za a raba shi ba shi ne ADP kuma shima yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duk waɗannan halayen biochemical.
Abu na farko shine sanin menene ATP. Yana da adonosine triphosphate na nucleotide kuma shine mafi mahimmanci kuma matsakaiciyar tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki. Kamar yadda sunan ta ya nuna, ya kunshi adenosine group, wanda shi kuma ya kunshi adenine da ribose, da kuma kungiyar triphosphate. Babban halayyar ita ce, rukunin fosfat da yake dauke dasu ATP yana da raka'a fosfat guda uku waɗanda suke taƙama da juna ta atomatik. Wannan saboda kwayoyin zarra suna da caji da kyau, yayin da kwayoyin oxygen suna da mummunan caji.
Lokacin da muke magana game da zubar da wutar lantarki, muna nufin cewa suna yin daidai da lokacin da muke so mu haɗu da maganadiso biyu ta hanyar sanduna biyu masu kyau ko kuma da sandunan mara kyau. Mun san cewa sandunan da ke gaban juna suna jawo hankali, amma kamar suna tunkude juna.
Aikin ATP da ajiya
Za mu ga menene babban aikin da ATP keyi a jikin mu kuma me yasa yake da mahimmanci a duniyar. Babban aikinta shine yi aiki azaman samarda makamashi a kusan dukkanin halayen biochemical. A yadda aka saba, duk waɗannan halayen sunadarai sun zama dole don rayuwa kuma suna faruwa a cikin kwayar halitta. Godiya ga wadannan halayen biochemical, ana iya kiyaye ayyukan kwayar halitta masu aiki, kamar hada DNA da RNA, sunadarai da safarar wasu kwayoyin ta hanyar membrane din kwayar.
Lokacin da muka je wurin motsa jiki a cikin sakan farko muna ɗaga madatsun ruwa, ATP ne ke ba mu ƙarfin da ya dace da ita. Da zarar motsa jiki ya wuce sama da daƙiƙa 10, glycogen na tsoka ke kula da shawo kan juriya da muke ɗorawa a kanta.
Ofayan ɗayan mahimman fannoni don sanin aikin ATP shine sanin yadda yake ajiyar makamashi. Don riƙe alaƙa tsakanin phosphates tare a cikin ƙungiyar triphosphate yana ɗaukar makamashi mai yawa. Musamman, ana buƙatar adadin kuzari 7.7 na makamashi kyauta ga kowane ƙwayar ATP. Wannan shine makamashin da ake fitarwa lokacin da ATP ke cikin hydrolyzed zuwa ADP. Wannan yana nufin cewa ya rasa rukunin fosfat saboda aikin ruwa kuma ana fitar da adadin kuzari mai yawa.
Zamu koma ga kwatancen da maganadisu yayi amfani dashi don samun damar bayanin aikin ATP da kyau. Bari muyi tunanin cewa muna da maganadisu guda biyu waɗanda ke fuskantar tasirin su kuma suna haɗuwa da kakin zuma ko mannewa. Yayin da kakin zuma ne daidai m, maganadisu suna nan a haɗe duk da cewa a cikin yanayin su na asali ya kamata su tunkuɗe juna. Koyaya, idan muka fara zafin kakin, maganadisun biyu sun katse haɗin da ke haɗa su kuma suna sakin makamashi. Sabili da haka, zamu iya cewa ana adana kuzarin a gefen hanyar wanda shine haɗin duka maganadisu.
Game da wannan kwayar, ana ajiye makamashi a cikin shaidu wadanda suke hada kwayoyin phosphate wuri daya. Wadannan sharuɗɗan suna sanannun sunan pyrophosphate. Wata hanyar kiran waɗannan shaidu ita ce mahimmin ruwa mai ƙarfi ko mahimmin ƙarfi.
Ta yaya ATP ya ba da ƙarfi
Mun riga mun ambata cewa wannan kwayar ita ce babbar wacce ke kula da samar da makamashi ga kwayoyin halitta. Koyaya, ba kowa ya san yadda wannan kuzarin yake ba da shi don amfani da shi a cikin ayyuka daban-daban. Don yin wannan, ATP yana ba da rukunin phosphate mai ƙarancin babban abun cikin kuzari ga rukunin ƙwayoyin karɓar abubuwa kamar sugars, amino acid da nucleotides. Lokacin da aka sake fitar da sinadarin phosphate, sai ya rikide zuwa adenosine diphosphate, watau ADP. Wannan shine lokacin da aka saki rukunin phosphate akan kwayar karba. A cikin wannan tsari akwai canjin ƙungiyar phosphate ko phosphorylation wanda bai kamata a rude shi da phosphorylation na oxidative ba, wanda ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar kwayar.
Phosphorylation yana ƙaruwa matakin ƙarfin makamashi na mai karɓar kwayar kuma shine dalilin da yasa zata iya yin aiki da karfi a cikin halayen biochemical wanda enzymes ke haɓaka. Enzymes suna da alhakin tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na halayen biochemical. Yin aiki yana da ƙarfi yayin da bambancin makamashi na Gibbs ya zama mara kyau. Wato, wannan canjin kuzarin daga hydrolysis ko canjin kungiyar phosphate shine -7.7 kcal. Kwayar adenosine triphosphate zata iya sakin kuzari ta hanyar hydrolysis. A wannan halin, zamu ga yadda kwayar ruwa ke da alhakin kai hari ga ɗayan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙungiyoyin phosphate don ba da ƙungiyar phosphate da ADP.
Yadda aka kirkireshi
Bari mu ga menene manyan matakan da aka kirkiri ATP, ma'anar numfashi da salula ta hanyar jigilar kayan lantarki shine babban tushen halitta. Hakanan yana faruwa ne a cikin hotuna wanda yake faruwa a cikin tsirrai. Wani daga cikin sifofin ko hanyoyin halitta shine a lokacin glycolysis kuma yayin zagayen citric acid, wanda aka fi sani da zagayen Krebs.
Tsarin ATP yana faruwa ta hanyar phosphorylation na ADP godiya ga aikin arginine phosphate da creatine phosphate. Dukansu suna aiki azaman ajiyar makamashi na musamman don saurin phosphorylation ya faru. Wannan shine aikin da muka ambata a sama kuma an san shi da phosphorylation na oxidative. Dukkanin halitta da arginine ana kiransu da suna phosphagens.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da kwayar ATP da ayyukanta.