Isayensi yemvelo ihlukanisa i-ecosystem ehlukene yeplanethi ibe yizindilinga. Enye yazo i-geosphere. Abizwa ngokuthi isethi yamashumi eminyaka yeplanethi yethu eyakha ingxenye eqinile yawo. Lapha singathola konke okuhlobene namadwala nokukhululeka. Abantu abaningi abazi yini i-geosphere.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi iyini i-geosphere, yiziphi izici zayo, ukwakheka nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yini i-geosphere
Kusayensi yemvelo, isethi yezingqimba ezakha ingxenye eqinile yoMhlaba ibizwa ngokuthi i-geosphere. Kanye ne-hydrosphere (ingxenye yasemanzini), umkhathi (ingxenye yegesi) kanye ne-biosphere (zonke izinto eziphilayo), zakha izingxenye zeplanethi yethu ezingahlukaniswa ngokuhlaziya.
Njengamanye amaplanethi asemhlabeni (anezindawo eziqinile), Umhlaba wakhiwe ngezinto ezinamatshe ezakhiwo ezahlukene futhi ubonisa amandla ahlukahlukene, amaningi awo ahlehlela emuva ezikhathini zakuqala ze-geologic noma akhiwa phakathi nezigaba eziqinile zomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Amadwala amaningi amadala aziwayo Emhlabeni kusukela eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.400 edlule.
Izazi zokwakheka komhlaba kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bacwaninga i-geosphere ngokuhlola umhlabathi, ikakhulukazi lapho izici ze-topographic ziveze indawo evame ukucashile.
Futhi, ukuqaphela okuningi kuyithiyori noma kususelwa ezibalweni: ubukhulu nevolumu yoMhlaba ayikwazi ukukalwa ngokuqondile, kodwa ngezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingabala, ezifana namandla adonsela phansi noma i-echo yamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba.
Isakhiwo kanye nokwakheka
Ukwakheka kwe-geosphere kufundwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: amakhemikhali kanye ne-geological. Mayelana nokwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali, i-geosphere iqukethe izingqimba ezintathu: uqweqwe, isembatho kanye nomnyombo.
- ICortex (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-35 km ukushona). Kuwungqimba lwamadwala angaphezulu esihlala kuwo, futhi ukujiya kwawo okuncanyana kakhulu kulindeleke ukuthi kube nokuminyana okumaphakathi okungu-3,0 g/cm3. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwehla kolwandle nokujula. Ikakhulukazi yakhiwe ngamatshe e-mafic (insimbi ne-magnesium silicates), amatshe e-felsic (i-sodium silicate, i-potassium silicate kanye ne-aluminosilicates).
- Ijazi (kusuka ku-35 kuya ku-2.890 km ukushona). Iwugqinsi futhi yakhiwe ngamatshe e-siliceous anensimbi ephakeme kunaleyo yoqweqwe. Njengoba singena sijula ku-mantle, amazinga okushisa kanye nezingcindezi ziba kukhulu, zifinyelela esimweni esiqinile emadwaleni akha i-mantle, ekwazi ukuvumela ama-tectonic plates ukuthi ahambe futhi abangele ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngenxa yokucindezela, ingxenye engaphezulu yesigqoko ayinaso i-viscous encane futhi imanzi kakhulu kunengxenye engezansi, ihluka ngobukhulu phakathi kuka-1021 no-1024 Pa.s.
- Isibindi (kusuka ku-2.890 kuya ku-6.371 km ukushona). Ingxenye engaphakathi yoMhlaba, lapho kutholakala khona izinto eziminyene kakhulu (Umhlaba yiplanethi eminyene kunawo wonke ohlelweni sonozungezilanga). Umnyombo woMhlaba ngokwawo uhlukaniswe waba izingqimba ezimbili: umgogodla wangaphandle (amakhilomitha angu-2890 kuya kwangu-5150 ukujula) kanye nomgogodla wangaphakathi (amakhilomitha angu-5150 kuya kwangu-6371), ezakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi (80%) kanye ne-nickel, kuyilapho izakhi ezifana nomthofu. kanti i-uranium iyashoda.
Esikhundleni salokho, ngokombono we-geological, i-geosphere ihlukaniswe yaba:
- I-Lithosphere (kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-100 km ukujula). Lena ingxenye eqinile ye-geosphere, lapho kutholakala khona amatshe aqinile, futhi ihambelana nengxenye engaphezulu ye-crust ne-mantle. Ihlukaniswe yaba uchungechunge lwamapuleti e-tectonic noma e-lithospheric, emaphethelweni awo izenzakalo zokuzamazama komhlaba, i-volcanic kanye ne-orogeny zenzeka.
- I-Asthenosphere (100 kuya ku-400 km ukujula). Yakhiwe ngezinto eziqinile ezingaqinile kuya ku-ductile, ezihambisana nesigqoko. Ukunyakaza okunensayo kakhulu okuhlanganisa ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi kwenzeka lapho, kodwa njengoba isondela emnyombweni, ilahlekelwa izakhiwo zayo futhi iba lukhuni njengengubo engezansi.
- Isibindi (kusuka ku-2.890 kuya ku-6.371 km ukushona). Umnyombo, noma indilinga yangaphakathi, ekugcineni kwengubo engezansi, ingxenye yomhlabathi yejoloji eyakha isisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke soMhlaba (ama-60% engqikithi). I-radius yayo inkulu kune-Mars (cishe amakhilomitha angu-3.500), enomfutho omkhulu kanye namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-6.700 ° C. Yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi ne-nickel, futhi ihlukaniswe yaba umgogodla owuketshezi kanye nomgogodla oqinile wangaphakathi.
Ukubaluleka kwe-geosphere
I-geosphere iyingxenye endala kakhulu yeplanethi yethu futhi zonke izimfihlo zayo zigcinwa ngaphansi kokukhiywa nokhiye. Izazi zokuma komhlaba zizama ukuthola izinqubo ezihlukahlukene esakhiwa ngazo, ezibuye zisikhanyisele ukwakheka kwezinye izinkanyezi esimisweni sonozungezilanga futhi ngaleyo ndlela umsuka wendawo yonke. Injalo nesayensi yokuzamazama komhlaba, isayensi ezama ukuqonda ubunjalo be-geology kanye nokunyakaza kwe-tectonic ukuze kuvinjwe ukuzamazama komhlaba okungase kwenzeke futhi kuvimbele ukuba kubangele umonakalo omkhulu kangaka kubantu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo lwe-geosphere luhambisana nokuqonda kwezinto esingazithola eMhlabeni, okunomthelela obalulekile ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene, ezobunjiniyela nezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye neminye imikhakha ebalulekile.
Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zengxenye ngayinye ye-geosphere
Isibindi
Umnyombo, njengoba negama lawo lisho, iyingxenye ejulile yoMhlaba ngakho-ke itholakala phakathi nendawo yoMhlaba. Uma ukhuluma ngomongo, izingxenye ezimbili zivame ukuhlukaniswa:
- Isibindi
- I-nucleus yangaphandle
Umnyombo yingxenye eqinile, nakuba lokho kungenxa yokuthi iminyene kakhulu, njengoba futhi iyindawo eshisa kakhulu eMhlabeni.
I-nucleus yakhiwe ikakhulukazi izakhi ezisindayo ezifana insimbi, i-nickel, i-uranium negolide, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngenxa yesisindo sazo, phakathi nenqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaplanethi, lezi zinto zigcina zifinyelele ezingxenyeni ezijulile zeplanethi, kanye nezinye izinto ezilula, kodwa zixhunywe ezintweni ezisindayo, nazo zihudulelwa engxenyeni ejulile. Zomhlaba.
Ijazi
Njengomongo, isiphuku sihlukaniswe sibe yingubo yangaphakathi nengaphandle. Kodwa-ke, endabeni yesigqoko, asibhekene nesakhiwo esiqinile, kodwa kunalokho siwuketshezi. Empeleni, yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-magma, into eshisayo, enamathelayo eqhuma intaba-mlilo lapho ihlangana nomkhathi, iqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-lava.
I-mantle inesethi ebanzi yezinto zokwakha, ngakho-ke izakhi ezisindayo nezilula zingatholakala. Ngenxa yokuthi iyisakhiwo esiwuketshezi, futhi iyisakhiwo esihlala sinyakaza. Lokhu kudinga lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi we-geological, ikakhulukazi ekuzamazameni komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, nomsebenzi we-plate tectonic.
ICortex
Uqweqwe luyingxenye engaphandle eqinile yoMhlaba, kodwa lokhu kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa uMhlaba, waphola kancane kancane futhi, empeleni, uyaqhubeka nokuphola. Ukushisa kokuqala ekugcineni kuhlakazeka kuye ngaphandle kweplanethi, ngakho ungqimba olungaphezulu luyaphola, okubangela ukuthi indawo eqinile intante phezu kwengubo ewuketshezi, ekwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa layo ngenxa yokwahlukanisa koqweqwe.
amagxolo Kulapho futhi izici zokukhanya ezakha indilinga yasemhlabeni zinqwabelana kakhulu.. Eqinisweni, kungenxa yalesi simo ukuthi izinto ezifana nensimbi, umthofu, i-uranium noma igolide kunzima kakhulu ukuzithola ebusweni bomhlaba. Eqinisweni, kunemithombo emibili kuphela yalezi zinto ezisindayo. Zahudulwa ngezinto ezilula futhi zashiywa phezu komhlaba ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaplanethi, noma zeza emhlabeni wethu ngama-meteorite nama-asteroid ngemva kokuba uqweqwe luqina, lwashayisana nendawo eqinile, futhi aluzange lucwile noma luhlale emkhathini.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-geosphere nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo.