Sihlala sikhuluma ngokungcoliswa komoya, amagesi akhishwa ezimotweni nasezimbonini, nokufudumala komhlaba kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Nokho, baningi abantu abangazi uyini umkhathi, yiziphi izici zayo, izendlalelo nokuthi ibaluleke kangakanani.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi uyini umkhathi, imibhede yawo iyini nokuthi ibaluleke kangakanani ekuphileni emhlabeni.
uyini umkhathi
Umkhathi uyingqimba efanayo yegesi ezungeza iplanethi noma indikimba yasezulwini futhi egcinwe endaweni yayo amandla adonsela phansi. Kwamanye amaplanethi enziwe kakhulu ngegesi, lolu ungqimba lungaminyene futhi lujule.
Umkhathi woMhlaba utholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha ayi-10.000 XNUMX ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba nasezindlini amagesi adingekayo ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa leplanethi elizinzile futhi uvumele ukuphila kuthuthuke ezingxenyeni ezahlukene. Ukugeleza komoya okukhona kuyo kuhlobene eduze ne-hydrosphere (iqoqo lamanzi eplanethi), futhi bayathonya omunye nomunye.
Umkhathi wethu ungahlukaniswa ube izifunda ezimbili ezinkulu: ungqimba oluyi-homogeneous (amakhilomitha ayi-100 aphansi) kanye nongqimba oluhlukahlukene (kusuka kumakhilomitha angama-80 kuya onqenqemeni olungaphandle), isifunda sokuqala sihluke kakhulu futhi sine-homogeneous ngokusho kwezinhlobo zamagesi aziqambayo. . isifunda ngasinye Qualitative, futhi stratified futhi umehluko kwesibili.
Umsuka nokuvela komkhathi kungalandelelwa emuva ezigabeni zokuqala zoMhlaba, lapho ungqimba oluminyene lwegesi yakudala lwahlala luzungeze uMhlaba, olwakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-hydrogen ne-helium ephuma esimisweni sonozungezilanga. Nokho, ukuphola kancane kancane koMhlaba kanye nokubukeka kokuphila kwashintsha umkhathi futhi kwashintsha okuqukethwe kwawo kuya kumazinga esiwazi namuhla ngezinqubo ezifana ne-photosynthesis kanye nokuhlanganisa amakhemikhali noma ukuphefumula.
Izici eziyinhloko
Umkhathi womhlaba wakhiwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamagesi, amaphesenti awo aphezulu obunzima agxile ku-11 km wokuqala wokuphakama (Ama-95% omoya usesendlaleni sawo sokuqala), enesisindo esiphelele esingu-5,1 x 1018 kg.
Amagesi ayinhloko ayihlanganisayo (endaweni elinganayo) i-nitrogen (78,08%), i-oxygen (20,94%), umhwamuko wamanzi (phakathi kuka-1% no-4% ezingeni eliphezulu) kanye ne-argon (0,93%). Nokho, amanye amagesi akhona ngamanani amancane, njenge-carbon dioxide (0,04%), neon (0,0018%), i-helium (0,0005%), i-methane (0,0001%), njll.
Ngokwengxenye yayo, i-heterosphere yakhiwe izingqimba ezihlukene ze-nitrogen yamangqamuzana (80-400 km), i-athomu ye-athomu (400-1100 km), i-helium (1100-3500 km) ne-hydrogen (3500-10.000 km). Ukucindezela komkhathi nezinga lokushisa kuyehla ngokuphakama, ngakho igobolondo langaphandle liyabanda futhi lincane.
Izinhla zomkhathi
Umkhathi womhlaba wakhiwe yizingqimba ezilandelayo:
- Isendlalelo sokuqala lapho sithintana nomhlabathi, lapho amagesi amaningi asemoyeni enqwabelene khona. Ifinyelela ukuphakama okungamakhilomitha ayi-6 ezigxotsheni kanye namakhilomitha ayi-18 emhlabeni wonke, futhi ifudumele kunawo wonke ukwakheka, nakuba izinga lokushisa lomkhawulo wangaphandle lifinyelela -50°C.
- Iyahlukahluka ngobude ukusuka kumakhilomitha ayi-18 kuye kwangama-50 futhi isakazwa ngezingqimba eziningi zegesi. Enye yazo ungqimba lwe-ozone, lapho imisebe yelanga ithinta umoya-mpilo ukuze kwakhiwe amangqamuzana e-ozone (O3), eyaziwa ngokuthi "ungqimba lwe-ozone". Le nqubo idala ukushisa, yingakho amazinga okushisa e-stratospheric enyuke kakhulu aze afike ku-3°C.
- Umkhathi ophakathi, 50 kuya ku-80 km ukuphakama, Yindawo ebanda kakhulu emkhathini wonke, efinyelela ku -80°C.
- I-ionosphere noma i-thermosphere. Ukuphakama kwayo kuyahlukahluka kusuka kumakhilomitha angu-80 kuya kwangu-800, umoya mncane kakhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa liyashintshashintsha kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ilanga linamandla kangakanani: izinga lokushisa lalo lingafinyelela ku-1.500 °C emini futhi lehla kakhulu ebusuku.
- Ungqimba lwangaphandle lomkhathi luphakathi 800 futhi 10.000 amakhilomitha ukuphakama, okungenakulinganiswa, uguquko nje phakathi komkhathi nomkhathi ongaphandle. Lapho, ukuphunyuka kwezakhi ezilula emkhathini, njenge-helium noma i-hydrogen, kwenzeka.
ungqimba lwe-ozone lwe-stratosphere
Ungqimba lwe-ozone luwungqimba oluzungeza umhlaba futhi luvimbele imisebe yelanga nemisebe ye-ultraviolet ukuba ingafinyeleli ezintweni eziphilayo. Indawo ye-stratosphere yomhlaba equkethe ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-ozone ibizwa ngokuthi ungqimba lwe-ozone noma ungqimba lwe-ozone. Lesi sendlalelo siyatholakala phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-15 no-50 ngaphezu kolwandle, iqukethe amaphesenti angama-90 e-ozone emkhathini futhi imunca phakathi kuka-97% no-99% wemisebe ye-ultraviolet. imvamisa ephezulu (150-300nm). Yatholwa ngo-1913 yizazi zefiziksi uCharles Fabry noHenri Bison.
Isazi sesimo sezulu saseBrithani i-GMB sahlola izici zayo ngokuningiliziwe. U-Dobson wenze i-spectrophotometer elula engasetshenziswa ukukala i-ozone ye-stratospheric endaweni yoMhlaba. Phakathi kuka-1928 no-1958, u-Dobson wasungula inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yeziteshi zokuqapha i-ozone ezisasebenza nanamuhla. Iyunithi ye-Dobsonia iyunithi yokulinganisa yenani le-ozone, enegama layo.
Ukubaluleka komkhathi
Umkhathi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni iplanethi nokuphila. Ukuminyana kwayo kuphambukisa noma kunciphise uhlobo lwemisebe kazibuthe evela emkhathini, kanye nama-meteorite nezinto ezingase ekugcineni zishaye indawo yayo, eziningi zazo ezincibilika lapho zingena ngenxa yokungqubuzana negesi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungqimba lwe-ozone (ungqimba lwe-ozone) luse-stratosphere, ukunqwabelana kwaleli gesi. kuvimbela imisebe yelanga eqondile ukuba ingangeni ebusweni bomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela igcina izinga lokushisa loMhlaba lizinzile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elikhulu legesi livimbela ukushisa ekusakazeni ngokushesha endaweni, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-greenhouse effect".
Okokugcina, umkhathi uqukethe amagesi adingekayo ekuphileni njengoba siwazi futhi udlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili umjikelezo wamanzi wokuhwamuka, ukufiphala kanye nemvula yamanzi.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi uyini umkhathi nezici zawo.