I-Golgi apparatus iyi-organelle equkethe wonke amaseli e-eukaryotic (amaseli ane-nucleus echazwe kahle ku-cytoplasm yawo) futhi ayingxenye yesistimu ye-endometrine. Kuyi-organelle ebalulekile yokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni amaningi eselula nama-lipids, futhi idlala indima ekupakisheni izitshalo. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi yini umsebenzi wezinto ze-Golgi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nomsebenzi we-Golgi apparatus, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Iyini idivayisi ye-Golgi
Kuyi-organelle ebalulekile yokuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni amaningi eselula kanye ne-lipids futhi isebenza njengesitshalo sokupakisha: ihlanganisa, ihlanganise izinto ezikhiqizwa amangqamuzana, futhi izisabalalise ezindaweni zazo ezihlukene ku-cytoplasm. Amaseli angaba neyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezi zisetshenziswa ze-Golgi. (empeleni, izitshalo zinamakhulu), ngokuvamile ezitholakala ku-cytoplasm eduze kwe-nucleus kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum.
Kuye ngeseli, idivayisi ngayinye ingase iqukathe inani elihlukile lamachibi astakiwe noma "izikhwama" ezizoqukatha amaprotheni noma ama-lipids. Ngale ndlela, i-organelle ebalulekile yokuphela kokuphila kwamaselula kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-organic.
I-Apparatus ye-Golgi ithatha igama layo kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1906, lapho usosayensi wase-Italy kanye nomnqobi weNobel Prize for Medicine ngo-1897, uCamilo Gorgi, wayichaza ngempumelelo ngokuningiliziwe ngokusekelwe ekubonweni kokuqala okwenziwe ngo-XNUMX nguSantiago waseSpain. La Santiago.Ramón y Cajal, ahlanganyele naye indondo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-electron microscopy ngemva kuka-1950 waqinisekisa incazelo kaGolgi ngokunemba okukhulu. I-Golgi apparatus iqukethe i-reticulum, iqoqo lama-saccules e-membranous, okungukuthi, i-submicroscopic, imikhumbi eyisicaba, enqwabelene, ezungezwe inethiwekhi ye-tubular kanye neqoqo lama-vesicles.
Ngaphakathi kwe-dictyosome ngayinye kuneqembu lamaprotheni "apakishwe". Eqinisweni, ukukhuluma nge-dictyosomes, i-Golgi noma uhlelo lwe-Golgi empeleni lukhuluma ngento efanayo. Ubukhulu be-dictyosomes namaqembu we-Golgi apparatus buyahlukahluka, kuye ngohlobo lweseli, uhlobo kanye nomzuzu we-metabolism yayo.. Ububanzi bayo ngokuvamile bulinganiselwa phakathi kwama-microns angu-1 no-3.
Isakhiwo
Imishini ye-Golgi iqukethe izindawo ezintathu ezihlukene zokusebenza:
- Isifunda saseCis-golgi. Ingxenye engaphakathi, eseduze ne-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), yilapho kuvela khona ama-vesicle anamaprotheni asanda kuhlanganiswa.
- isifunda esimaphakathi. Indawo yoguquko phakathi kwezifunda ze-Cis neTrans.
- Isifunda saseTrans-golgi. Iseduze ne-membrane ye-plasma, lapho iguqulwa khona ukuze ithumele iphrotheni ngayinye ne-lipid endaweni yayo ethile.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza okugcwele kwezinsiza ze-Golgi akukaxazululwa ngokugcwele.
Umsebenzi we-Golgi Apparatus
Umsebenzi ojwayelekile wezinto ze-Golgi "ukupakisha" kanye "nokumaka" i-protein vesicle ngayinye ukuze ihanjiswe ngempumelelo lapho iya khona, kufana nesitshalo esipakisha umkhiqizo.
Ngalo mqondo, umkhiqizo wokuhlola i-Golgi awunasici, uphelele futhi uhlangene, uhlanganisa ama-molecule alula neziyinkimbinkimbi futhi uwahlonze ngokuya ngendawo yawo: amanye ama-organelles noma ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana, okumele afakwe emvelweni.
Eminye imisebenzi yemishini ye-Golgi ihlanganisa:
- Imunca izinto ezivela ku-cytoplasm. Njengamanzi, ushukela noma ama-lipids, ikakhulukazi lawo ama-vesicles ayimfihlo.
- yakha ama-vesicles ayimfihlo. Kwakha amasaka amaprotheni ahambisa okuqukethwe kwawo ngaphandle kweseli.
- yenza ama-enzyme. Ama-enzyme amaningi avela kule organelle ngoba angamaprotheni anemisebenzi ethile.
- Dala izinto ezikhethekile. Ifaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana amaseli, amangqamuzana akhethekile (njengesidoda), amaprotheni (njengobisi, njll.).
- ama-glycoprotein akhiqizwayo. Amaprotheni aqukethe ama-carbohydrates (ushukela) akhiwe ngaphakathi.
- ama-lysosomes akhiqizwa. Ama-organelles abhekele ukugaya kwamaselula.
Ama-vesicles okuthutha anqamula i-Golgi apparatus angaba yizinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- Aqukethe amaprotheni afinyelela ngaphandle kwengqamuzana ngokufihla okuhlanganisiwe (i-exocytosis) okwenzeka kulwelwesi lwe-plasma.
- Ama-secretory vesicles nawo amiselwe ukuthi afinyelele ngaphandle kweseli, kodwa hhayi ngokushesha: izogcinwa esitokisini, ilinde ukuthi kwenzeke isisusa esivusayo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi imfihlo elawulwayo.
- Indawo okuyiwa kuyo yi-lysosome: i-organelle ekhiqizwa yi-Golgi system ngokwayo, ebhekene nokudiliza izinto zangaphandle ezingena kuseli (ukugaya kwamaselula).
Indlela yokuthutha ye-Golgi
Indlela eqondile yokuthi iphrotheni idlula kanjani ezintweni ze-Golgi akwaziwa. Kodwa kunemibono emibili eyinhloko yokuthi kwenzeka kanjani:
- Imodeli yokuvuthwa kwamachibi. Ukudala ithangi elisha "kuzophusha" ithangi elidala ngokusebenzisa idivayisi.
- Imodeli yokuthutha imoto. Ithiyori ithatha ukuthi i-Golgi iyinhlangano ezinzile futhi emile nokuthi ukunyakaza kwama-vesicles kungenxa yezakhiwo zamaprotheni ayo angaphakathi.
Ukubaluleka
Ama-lysosomes akhiqizwa i-Golgi apparatus aqukethe ama-enzyme e-hydrolytic kanye ne-proteolytic akwazi ukudiliza izinto zemvelaphi engaphandle kweseli noma ye-intracellular, okungukuthi, ebhekele ukugaya kwamaselula.
Ama-Lysosomes amaphakethe ama-enzyme okuthi, uma ekhishelwa engqamuzaneni, angabhubhisa iseli ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, lawa ma-organelles anolwelwesi olukhethekile lokuwumisa. I-Lysosomes ivame ukutholakala kumaseli ezilwane, kodwa hhayi kumaseli ezitshalo.
Idivayisi ibalulekile kumjikelezo wokukhiqiza amaprotheni wamaseli futhi, nawo, kumjikelezo wokukhiqiza amaprotheni wezinto eziphilayo. Isebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwengaphakathi leseli (i-nucleus kanye ne-endoplasmic reticulum lapho amaprotheni enziwa khona) nangaphandle kweseli. Kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthutha ye-biochemical.
Kwezinye izimo, ukukhubazeka kwe-Golgi kungaholela ezifweni ezifana ne-mucolipidosis II, ethinta imishini yokuqaphela amaprotheni e-Golgi, ukuze Ukugaya kwamaselula akukwazi ukuqhubeka kahle futhi ama-lysosomes agcwala izinto ezingagayeki. Lesi yisifo sokuzalwa esinemiphumela ebulalayo engavumeli ukuphila ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-7.
Ezinye izifo eziningi ocwaningweni lwamanje kucatshangwa ukuthi zivela ku-Golgi ukukhubazeka, okuhlanganisa isifo se-Pelizaeus-Merzbacher, i-Angelman syndrome, i-wrinkled skin syndrome, ne-Ducheme muscular dystrophy, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nomsebenzi we-apparatus ye-Golgi nezici zayo.