Umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka emkhakheni we-cell biology, kungafundwa okuningi ngamakhono, usizo, nokusebenza kwamaseli. Ngomuntu kanye nentuthuko yempilo njengoba sazi, kubalulekile ukwazi amaseli ezilwane nezitshalo. Ngale ndlela, singaqonda ukusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Futhi singaziqonda izifo abahlangabezana nazo futhi sikwazi ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokwelapha ezilwa nezifo.

Kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi i- umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo nayo yonke imininingwane.

Siyini iseli

Okokuqala kunakho konke ukwazi ukuthi iseli liyini. Kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi iyunithi ye-morphological yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Inamandla okuzala kabusha, akhule, agaye umzimba, ahlanganyele namanye amaseli futhi abambe amasiginali avela endaweni engaphandle kwamaseli. Unekhono lokuhlela ukufa kwakhe. Kukhona izidalwa eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa kuphela. Lezi zidalwa zaziwa njenge-unicellular. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya aneseli elilodwa.

Izidalwa eziphilayo ezinamaseli angaphezu kwesisodwa zibizwa ngama-multicellular, njengoba kungaba njalo ngezilwane nezitshalo. Endabeni yezinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi, sinamaseli angawona amakamelo ngamanye. Azisebenzi zodwa, yize ngayinye inomsebenzi othile. Amaseli angaphakathi komzimba ayakwazi ukuxhumana ngamanye ngokusebenzisa amasiginali. Ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukudidiyela futhi baphendule kwizimpawu ezivela endaweni engaphandle, ukuze umzimba ukwazi ukuxhumana nemvelo engaphandle.

Amaseli nawo bayakwazi ukulawula ukukhula phambi kwezimpawu abazitholayo futhi bahlele nokufa kwabo ngaphambi kokuqongelelwa kwezinguquko ezithile noma ukwehluleka ekusebenzeni kohlelo lonke. Isibonelo sokubaluleka kwalolu hlelo lokufa kwamangqamuzana siza lapho kukhona uhlobo oluthile lomdlavuza. Iseli liqala ukungalawuleki ngoba alikwazi ukuhlala lihlelekile nendawo elikuyo futhi azikwazi ukukuhlela kahle ukufa kwazo.

Alukho ucwaningo oluphume ngezinto ezithile ngamaseli olwenziwe ngaphandle kokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha emkhakheni we-optical ne-electronic. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwesayensi nokubuka kuye kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwama-microscopes ukuze bakwazi ukubona izakhiwo ezincane njenge-nanometer eyodwa.

Kuyafana phakathi kwamangqamuzana ezilwane nezitshalo

Manje kufanele sazi ukuthi zombili izingqamuzana zezilwane nezitshalo zifana kanjani ukuze kamuva sazi umehluko omkhulu. Sizofingqa kancane kancane bese sizihlaziya:

• Womabili la maseli ayizingxenye zezinto eziphilayo futhi afeza imisebenzi eyisisekelo. Yizingxenye eziyisisekelo kunazo zonke izinto eziphilayo futhi zombili zifeza imisebenzi efanayo.
• Kokubili amaseli ezitshalo nezilwane angamaseli e-eukaryotic. Lokho wukuthi, bane-nucleus ehlelwe ngesembozo esivikelayo, i-cytoskeleton, ama-organelles amaningi amaselula futhi, ngokungafani nama-bacteria ne-archaea, nawo ane-genome ehlelekile futhi efakwe kuma-chromosomes.
• Womabili la maseli anolwelwesi lweplasma olungenakulinganiswa olunqamula i-cytoplasm futhi lisebenza njengesivikelo. Ungasho ukuthi kufana nesembozo seseli noma isihlangu esivikelayo.
• Womabili la maseli aphakathi kuka-10 no-100 microns ngosayizi. Amaseli ezilwane ngokuvamile amancane ngobukhulu kunamaseli ezitshalo.
• Ngokuya ngosayizi wabo omncane, awukwazi ukuwabona ngamehlo, kepha kunalokho udinga usizo lwama-microscopes.

Ngala maphuzu, singasho ukuthi amangqamuzana ezilwane nezitshalo afana ncamashi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ubona, izilwane nezitshalo akuhlangene ngalutho. Yini eyenza la maseli ahluke ukuze izidalwa eziphilayo zehluke?

Umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo

Lapho sesikhulume ngokufana, manje sizobona umehluko esingawuthola kuwo womabili amaseli.

• Amaseli ezitshalo anodonga lweseli ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-plasma izilwane ezingenalo.. Kufana nokuthi yingubo yesibili eyimboza kangcono. Lolu donga lunikeza ukuqina okukhulu nokuvikelwa okukhulu. Lolu donga lwakhiwa yi-cellulose, i-lignin, nezinye izinto. Ezinye zezinto zodonga lweseli zinokunye ukusetshenziswa kwezinkambu zezohwebo nezimboni.
• Ngokungafani neseli lezilwane, iseli lesitshalo linama-chloroplast ngaphakathi. Ama-chloroplast yilawo anezingulube ezifana ne-chlorophyll noma i-carotene okuyizinto ezivumela izitshalo ukuthi zenze i-photosynthesize.
• Amaseli ezitshalo bayakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla kwabo ngenxa yezinto ezithile ezingaphili. Benza lokhu ngomkhuba we-photosynthesis. Lolu hlobo lokudla okunempilo lubizwa nge-autotrophic.
• Amaseli ezilwane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, awanawo amandla okukhiqiza ukudla kwawo ezintweni ezingaphili. Ngakho-ke, umsoco wayo yi-heterotrophic. Izilwane kumele zifake ukudla okuphilayo njengezinye izilwane noma izitshalo uqobo.
• Amaseli ezitshalo avumela ukuguqulwa kwamandla wamakhemikhali abe amandla elanga noma alula ngenxa yenqubo ye-photosynthesis.
• Kumaseli ezilwane, amandla anikezwa yi-mitochondria.
• I-cytoplasm yeseli lesitshalo ihlala ngama-vacuoles amakhulu ku-90% yesikhala. Ngezinye izikhathi kune-vacuole eyodwa kuphela enkulu. I-Vacuoles isebenza ukugcina imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene evela ngesikhathi sokugaya umzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqeda imfucumfucu ehlukahlukene eyenzeka ekuphenduleni okufanayo komzimba. Amaseli ezilwane anama-vacuoles kepha mancane kakhulu ngosayizi futhi awathathi isikhala esiningi.
• Emangqamuzaneni ezilwane sithola i-organelle ebizwa nge-centrosome. Yiyo enesibopho sokuhlukanisa ama-chromosomes ukudala amaseli endodakazi, ngenkathi kumaseli ezitshalo le organelle ingekho.
• Amaseli ezitshalo anesimo se-prismatic, kuyilapho amangqamuzana ezilwane enezimo ezihlukile.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, yize benemisebenzi efanayo, bangaba nokwehluka okukhulu. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungaqonda kangcono umehluko phakathi kwamaseli ezilwane nezitshalo.