Amandla enuzi aphephe kakhulu

Uma sikhuluma ngazo zonke izinhlobo zamandla akhona, sixoxa ngokuthi yiziphi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, okulula ukuzikhipha, lezo ezinamandla amakhulu kakhulu wamandla futhi, vele, okuyiyona ephephe kunazo zonke. Yize kuphikisana nakho konke okukholelwa kuze kube manje, amandla aphephe kakhulu akhona namuhla yinuzi.

Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu? Ngemuva kwesigameko saseChernobyl ngo-1986 esaziwa njengenhlekelele enkulu kunayo yonke emlandweni kanye nengozi esanda kwenzeka eFukushima ngo-2011, zombili zihlobene namandla enuzi, kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi la mandla aphephe kunazo zonke ezikhona emhlabeni wethu. Kodwa-ke, sizokwethulela ubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi kunjalo. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani amandla enuzi ephephe kunazo zonke?

Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla nokuthuthukiswa komnotho

Ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezwe, ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla yizinto ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa amazinga empilo jikelele. Yize ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kungaxhunyaniswa nemiphumela emihle kuphela, ngoba nakho kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi yezempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kungabangelwa ukushona kanye nokugula okunzima. Kule ngxenye sifaka izingozi ezingaba khona ekukhipheni izinto zokusetshenziswa, izigaba zokucubungula nezokukhiqiza kanye nokungcola okungenzeka.

Inhloso eyethulwe umphakathi wesayensi ukukwazi ukukhiqiza amandla ngomthelela omncane empilweni nasendaweni ezungezile. Ukuze senze lokhu, hlobo luni lwamandla okufanele siwasebenzise? Senza ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamandla asetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke njengamalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, i-biomass namandla enuzi. Ngo-2014, Le mithombo yamandla icishe ifinyelele kuma-96% enani lamandla omhlaba emhlabeni.

Ukuphepha kwamandla

Zimbili izikhathi ezibalulekile ezizokwazi ukubala nokuhlukanisa ukufa noma ingozi engaba khona ekukhiqizeni amandla. Ngokuya ngalezi zinto eziguqukayo, izinga lobungozi lokuthi ukukhishwa kohlobo oluthile lwamandla noma olunye, kubantu nakwezemvelo, kungasungulwa.

Uhlaka lwesikhathi sokuqala ngu- yesikhashana noma yezizukulwane. Lokhu kuqukethe ukufa okuhlobene nezingozi emkhakheni wokukhipha, wokucubungula noma wokukhiqiza wemithombo yamandla. Mayelana nezemvelo, kuhlaziywa imithelela yokungcola abanayo emoyeni ngesikhathi bekhiqiza, bethutha kanye nomlilo.

Uhlaka lwesibili ngu umthelela wesikhathi eside noma wesizukulwane njengezinhlekelele ezinjengeChernobyl noma imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuhlaziya imiphumela etholwe ekufeni okubangelwe ukungcoliswa komoya nezingozi, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukufa okuhlobene nokungcoliswa komoya kulawula kanjani. Endabeni yamalahle, uwoyela negesi, amele ukufa okungaphezu kwama-99%.

Inani elibalulekile le-sulfur dioxide ne-nitrogen oxides likhona emandleni akhishwe ezitshalweni eziphehla ugesi ngamalahle. Lawa magesi yizandulela zokungcola kwe-ozone nezinhlayiyana lokho kungaba nomthelela empilweni yomuntu, noma kugxile kokuphansi. Lezi zinhlayiya zikhona ekuthuthukiseni izifo zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo.

Ukuhlaziya ukufa okuhlobene namandla enuzi, siyabona ukuthi kunokufa okuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-442 uma kuqhathaniswa namalahle ngeyunithi ngayinye yamandla. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zibalo futhi zibheka nokufa okulinganiselwa umdlavuza okuhlobene nokuvezwa ngemisebe evela ekukhiqizeni amandla enuzi.

Ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu yeNyukliya

Ingozi enkulu yamandla enyukliya esikhathini esizayo yile okufanele ukwenze nokuthi ungaphatha kanjani udoti wenuzi. Kuyinselele impela ukuphatha le mfucumfucu enemisebe, ngoba iminyaka eminingi izoqhubeka nokukhipha inani elikhulu lemisebe. Lesi sikhathi sokukhathazeka ngemfucumfucu sisuka eminyakeni eyizi-10.000 1 kuya kwezi-XNUMX. Ngakho-ke, sihlukanisa izinsalela ngezigaba ezintathu: izinsalela eziphansi, eziphakathi nendawo neziphezulu. Amandla akhona okubhekana namazinga ezinsalela aphansi nawamaphakathi avame ukusungulwa kahle. Imfucuza esezingeni eliphansi ingahlanganiswa ngokuphepha, ishiswe bese ingcwatshwa ekujuleni okujulile. Imfucuza esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, equkethe inani eliphakeme le-radioactivity, idinga ukuvikelwa ngebhitume ngaphambi kokulahlwa.

Inselelo iqala lapho imfucuza esezingeni eliphakeme kumele ilawulwe. Izinto ziba nzima kakhulu, ngoba isikhathi eside sokusebenziseka kanye nenani eliphakeme le-radioactivity kuphethiloli wenuzi kusho ukuthi imfucuza akumele ivikelwe kuphela ngokufanele, kodwa futhi nokuba sendaweni ezinzile iminyaka eyisigidi. Uyithola kanjani indawo ezinzile yokugcina imfucuza iminyaka eyisigidi? Okujwayele ukwenziwa ukugcina lezi zinsalela kwisitoreji esijulile sejoloji. Ubunzima balokhu bulele ekutholeni izindawo ezijulile zokwakheka komhlaba lapho zingagcinwa khona ngendlela ezinzile futhi zingangcolisi indawo ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele kube yingozi empilweni yomuntu. Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi sikhuluma ngesikhathi esiyiminyaka eyisigidi nezindawo zokwakheka komhlaba, noma ngabe zizinzile kangakanani, zinokushintshashintsha kwamazinga okushisa namanzi, okwenza kungazinzi isikhathi eside.

Ukufa okubangelwa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla akugcini nje ngokuba nemiphumela yezempilo yesikhashana ehlobene nezingozi kanye nokungcola. Iphinde ibe nemithelela yesikhathi eside noma yokuzalwa kwempilo yabantu nasemvelweni. Omunye wemiphumela yesikhathi eside owaziwa kakhulu wokukhiqizwa kwamandla ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Imithelela evelele kakhulu yalokhu kufudumala kwembulunga yonke ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuveza izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, ukwanda kokuvama nokuqina kwezenzakalo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, ukukhuphuka kolwandle, ukuncipha kwemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile, isivuno sesivuno esiphansi, njll. Lokhu kuphazamisa yonke imvelo yomhlaba futhi kuguqula amatafula.

Kunzima kakhulu ukuthi ukufa kubangelwe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngoba, ekubeni sesikhathini eside, kunzima kakhulu ukukuchaza. Noma kunjalo, ukwanda kokufa okubangelwa amaza okushisa amakhulu kakhulu futhi avamile kuyabonakala, futhi lokhu kudalwe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.

Ukuhlobanisa ukufa kwabantu kusuka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekukhiqizweni kwamandla, sisebenzisa amandla wekhabhoni, ekala amagremu e-carbon dioxide (CO2) akhishwa ekukhiqizeni ihora elilodwa lamandla we-kilowatt (gCO2e nge-kWh). Kusetshenziswa le nkomba, kungacatshangwa ukuthi imithombo yamandla ene-carbon ephezulu kakhulu ingaba nomthelela omkhulu emazingeni okufa kusuka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ezingeni elithile lokukhiqizwa kwamandla.

Imithombo yamandla engavikeleki kakhulu esikhathini esifushane nayo ayivikelekile esikhathini eside esizayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla aphephe kakhulu esizukulwaneni samanje nawo aphephile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Uwoyela namalahle kunamazinga aphezulu okufa kwabantu esikhathini esifushane nesikhathi eside, kanye nokuba nomthelela ekungcolisweni komoya. Noma kunjalo, amandla enuzi ne-biomass awanciphisi kakhulu i-carbon, cishe izikhathi ezingama-83 no-55 eziphansi kunamalahle ukuba abe ngqo, ngokulandelana.

Ngakho-ke, amandla enuzi aphansi ekufeni kwesikhashana nesikhathi eside okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kwamandla. Kubalwa lokho kufinyelele ezigidini eziyi-1,8 zokufa okuhlobene nokungcola komoya okugwenywe phakathi kuka-1971 no-2009 ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngezitshalo zamandla enuzi esikhundleni sezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo.

Iziphetho ngokuphepha kwamandla

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuphepha kwamandla emkhakheni wenuzi, kuphakama imibuzo enjengokuthi: bangaki abafa ngenxa yezehlakalo zenuzi eChernobyl naseFukushima? Ngokufigqiwe: Izilinganiso ziyahluka kodwa inani lokufa kwabantu baseChernobyl kungenzeka libe ngamashumi ezinkulungwane. E-Fukushima, iningi lokufa kulindeleke ukuthi lihlobene nengcindezi ebangelwa inqubo yokukhipha (kwabangu-1600 abafayo) kunokuchayeka ngqo emisebeni.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi le micimbi emibili iyazimela yize imithelela yayo ibe mikhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa yonke le minyaka, inani lokufa kwabantu kulezi zingozi liphansi kakhulu kunabo bonke abantu ababulewe ukungcoliswa komoya okuvela kweminye imithombo yamandla efana no-oyela namalahle. I-World Health Organization ilinganisela ukuthi Izigidi ezi-3 ziyafa unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya okukhona kanye nezigidi ezingama-4,3 ngenxa yokungcola komoya endlini.

Lokhu kunempikiswano ekuboneni kwabantu, ngoba izehlakalo zaseChernobyl naseFukushima zaziwa njengezinhlekelele emhlabeni jikelele nasezihlokweni zamaphephandaba isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, ukufa kwabantu ngokungcoliswa komoya kuyaqhubeka kuthule futhi akekho owaziyo imiphumela yako ngokuningiliziwe.

Ngokuya ngezibalo zamanje nezingokomlando zokufa okuhlobene namandla, amandla enuzi kubonakala edale umonakalo omkhulu kunayo yonke emithonjeni enkulu yanamuhla yamandla. Leli qiniso lezobuciko liphikisana kakhulu nemibono yomphakathi, lapho ukwesekwa komphakathi ngamandla enuzi kuvame ukuba phansi ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha.

Ukwesekwa komphakathi ekukhiqizweni kwamandla avuselelekayo kunamandla kakhulu kunezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi. Ukushintshela kwethu ezinhlelweni zamandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni kuzoba inqubo edla isikhathi, isikhathi esingeziwe lapho kufanele senze izinqumo ezibalulekile mayelana nemithombo yokuphehlwa kwamandla. Ukuphepha kwemithombo yethu yamandla kufanele kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezindlela zenguquko esifuna ukuzithatha.