Ukunukubezeka komoya emadolobheni kungenye yezinto ezihamba phambili ekulweni nenkinga yesimo sezulu. Umthelela wayo kwezempilo unemithelela ebalulekile kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. I ukungcola eMadrid kubangela ukufa kwezinkulungwane unyaka ngamunye okuhambisana nayo. Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo ezithathwayo zokunqanda ukungcoliswa komoya azinawo umthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinga lomoya.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana nezici eziyisisekelo zokungcola eMadrid, isimo samanje nokuthi singahlehliswa kanjani.
Ukungcola eMadrid
Ikhwalithi yomoya enhlokodolobha yaseSpain iye yathinteka eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene, ezifana nethrafikhi, izimboni kanye nesimo sezulu.Omunye wemiphumela eyinhloko yokungcola eMadrid ukubukeka kwezifo zokuphefumula. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni aphezulu okungcola kungaholela ezinkingeni ezifana i-bronchitis, isifuba somoya kanye nesifo esingamahlalakhona sokuvinjwa kwamaphaphu (COPD). Lezi zifo zingaphazamisa kakhulu izinga lempilo yabantu abaphethwe yizo futhi kokunye zingabulala.
Ukuncishiswa kokubonakala kuyinto eseya ngokuya ibonakala edolobheni. Amazinga aphezulu ezinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni angenza kube nzima ukubona kahle, okungaba yingozi kubashayeli nabahamba ngezinyawo. Lezi zinhlayiya ezingcolile zomoya zingathinta izinga lezikhumbuzo nezakhiwo zomlando, okuholela kumthelela omubi kwezokuvakasha kanye nomnotho wendawo.
ukungcola futhi kunomthelela ongemuhle emvelweni nasezintweni ezinhlobonhlobo. Ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo kunamathuba amaningi okuthi umhlabathi namanzi enze i-asidi ibe yi-asidi, okungase kuthinte izitshalo nezilwane. Kuye ngezimo zezulu, kungabangela imvula ene-asidi, kube nemiphumela emibi ezitshalweni nasemahlathini azungezile.
Umnotho uphinde uthintwa ukungcola eMadrid. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi izinkampani ziyathinteka imikhawulo yokuhamba kwezimoto kanye nesibopho sokunciphisa ukukhishwa okungcolisayo. Kulokhu sengeza ngokuthi ezokuvakasha zingancipha ngenxa yezinga lomoya eliphansi kanye nokuncipha kokubonakala, ngakho umnotho ungathinteka kakhulu.
Imiphumela yokungcola eMadrid
Ukukhishwa kwamagesi anobuthi, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) nezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni nasendaweni ezungezile. Ngokuphathelene nempilo, ukungcoliswa komoya kungabangela izifo zokuphefumula, njenge-asthma, i-bronchitis noma i-pneumonia, kanye nezifo zenhliziyo, phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imiphumela iyingozi ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asengozini kakhulu, njengezingane, asebekhulile noma abantu abanezinkinga zempilo zangaphambili.
Omunye wemiphumela esobala kakhulu yokungcola eMadrid okuthiwa "ama-smog berets", ungqimba lwamafu aphansi abonakala emboze idolobha. Lawa ma "berets" abangelwa amagesi angcolisayo avaleleke emkhathini futhi lokho, okungeziwe kwezinye izici, njengokuguquguquka kokushisa, kubangela ukuthi ifu lokungcola lingahlakazeka.
Izinto ezingcolisayo eziyinhloko nokugxila kwazo
I-nitrogen dioxide
Umkhawulo wonyaka wokungcoliswa kwe-nitrogen dioxide isilinganiso sonyaka sokuhlanganisa ama-micrograms angu-40 wokungcola imitha ngayinye yomoya (μg/m3). Idatha evela ku-Madrid Pollution Measurement Network ibonisa ukuthi ngo-2022 asikho iziteshi ezingu-24 ezikala lokhu kungcola okweqa umkhawulo wonyaka. Isitobhi sethrafikhi esivame ukuba nengxabano, i-Plaza Elíptica, sibhaliswe kuphela ngu-40 µg/m3, sifinyelela lo mkhawulo. Iminyaka emibili edlule, 2020 kanye 21, bhalisiwe 41 µg/m3, ngakho ngenkathi kungenzeka ukuhambisana nomthetho, ukuthuthukiswa kuncane. Lokhu kuncipha ngokuqinisekile kuthonywa ukuthi uNovemba noDisemba 2022, izinyanga ezimbili ezivame ukuqopha ama-anticyclone neziqongo zokungcola, bezine kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela isimo lapho izethulo zeziteshi zokulinganisa ukungcola zingaphindwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zedolobha. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, isiteshi se-Plaza Elíptica simele ikhwalithi yomoya eqoshwe ngasemnyango womgwaqo omkhulu wedolobha elikhulu (A-42), njengoba iseduze nokungena eMadrid ukusuka kweminye imigwaqo emikhulu.
Izinhlayiya ezimisiwe
Imininingwane eqoqwe ngo-2022 ikhombisa ukuthi isimo esinalokhu kungcola sibi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule. Ngaphandle kokuhambisana nemikhawulo yezomthetho yamanje, iqiniso liwukuthi iziteshi ezingu-8 kwezingu-13 ezikala i-PM10 kanye nesilinganiso senethiwekhi sidlula umkhawulo wonyaka kuhlongozwe umthetho waseYurophu wesikhathi esizayo (20 μg/m3). Wonke amasayithi eqe inani elinconyiwe le-WHO (15 µg/m3).
Ngokuphathelene nezinhlayiya ze-PM2,5, i-Plaza Elíptica, esinye seziteshi eziyisishiyagalombili kunethiwekhi ezikala lokhu kungcola, yeqe umkhawulo wezomthetho waminyaka yonke (10 μg/m3) ohlongozwayo ukuze kube nomthetho wesikhathi esizayo wase-Europe. Zonke izingosi zeqe kakhulu inani lamanje elinconyiwe le-WHO (5 μg/m3).
i-ozone ye-tropospheric
Isimo nalokhu kungcola asikabi ngcono. Ngo-2022, iziza ezintathu kweziyi-12 ze-O3 zeqe inani eliqondiwe lamahora ayisishiyagalombili (120 µg/m3), ladlula izikhathi ezingu-25 ezivunyelwe yimithethonqubo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho usungula umkhawulo wokuhlinzekwa kolwazi emphakathini (180 μg/m3 ihora elilodwa). Ngo-2022, Amasayithi angu-5 kwangu-12 akala ukungcoliswa kwe-O3 abike ukwephulwa kwalo mkhawulo wokubika: El Pardo (izikhathi ezingu-4 zidlule), i-Plaza del Carmen (izikhathi ezingu-3), i-Villaverde (isikhathi esingu-1), u-Escuelas Aguirre (isikhathi esingu-1) no-Barajas Pueblo (isikhathi esingu-1). Lo mphumela umele ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo mayelana nedatha yeminyaka emibili edlule, lapho bekungekho khona amarekhodi ngaphezu kwalo mkhawulo. Ukwanda kweziqongo zokungcoliswa kwe-ozone ngokungangabazeki kuhlobene negagasi lokushisa elinamandla elizokwenzeka ehlobo lika-2022, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyisici esinqumayo ekubhebhethekeni kwezimo ezingezinhle zomoya.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokungcola eMadrid nemiphumela yako kwezempilo kanye nemvelo.