Imvelo yemvelo iphathwa ngamaketanga ezilwane ezinikeza umsebenzi. Lawa maketanga abizwa ngokuthi amaketanga e-trophic futhi ayahlaziywa futhi afundwe ngaphakathi kwegatsha le-biology elaziwa njenge-ecology. Le sayensi yiyona ephethe ukutadisha ubudlelwano obusungulwe phakathi kwemvelo nezinto eziphilayo. Okungukuthi, hhayi kuphela ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwemvelo nezinto eziphilayo ezifundwayo, kodwa futhi nokusebenzisana okungenzeka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Endaweni yomhlaba Kunezinto eziningi eziphilayo ezifeza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene emazingeni ehlukene kochungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela ngazo zonke izici nokubaluleka kochungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni.
Luyini uchungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni
Ubudlelwano obubaluleke impela obenzeka emvelweni ukudla. Ezinye izinto eziphilayo zondla ezinye noma imfucuza yazo futhi ngale ndlela udaba namandla kungaguqulwa. Uchungechunge lokudla kubhekiswa ekudlulisweni kwamandla nezinto ezidlulayo zisuka kwesinye isidalwa ziye kwesinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu chungechunge lokudla lwasemhlabeni lubheka amandla alahlekile ngokuphefumula eqenjini ngalinye lezinto eziphilayo. Uchungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni yilolo olubandakanya izinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni. Lokho wukuthi, ezinhlotsheni zezilwane nezitshalo ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekile endaweni yasemhlabeni nangaphandle kwemvelo yasemanzini.
Amaleveli okudla kwasemhlabeni
Ngaphakathi kokudla kwasemhlabeni sithola amazinga alandelayo:
- Izinhlangano ezikhiqizayo: yilezo ezijwayele ukuba izitshalo futhi ezibhekene nokuguqula izinto ezingaphili zibe yizinto eziphilayo. Yizidalwa eziphilayo eziqala lolu chungechunge. Shintsha amandla elanga abe yizinto eziphilayo ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis.
- Abathengi bokuqala: yizilwane ezondla kuzinto ezikhiqizayo ngokuphelele kanye nakwezinye izingxenye zazo. Kungaba ngesitshalo sonke noma kusuka emaqabungeni, izimpande, imbewu noma izithelo. Into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukuthi ziyizilwane ezidla imifino, yize kukhona nezilwane ezinomsoco ezidla izitshalo.
- Abasebenzisi besibili: Ziyaziwa futhi ngegama labaphenyi. Ziyizilwane ezibhekele ukuzingela nokondla abathengi bokuqala noma izilwane ezidla imfuyo. Lezi zilwane zidla inyama futhi azikwazi ukuzakhela amandla zodwa.
- Abasebenzisi bemfundo ephakeme: Ziyaziwa nangokuthi yizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Ziyizilwane ezingondla kuzo zombili izilwane ezidla imfuyo kanye nabathengi bokuqala. Zibalulekile emvelweni ngoba zisebenza njengezinto eziphilayo ezivimbela ukwanda ngokweqile kwezinye izinhlobo. Imvamisa ivimbela ukugcwala kwabantu abadla imikhuba futhi isize ukulinganisela imvelo.
Ezimweni zezemvelo awekho amaketanga alula we-trophic lapho sithola khona umuntu noma uhlobo lomuntu kusixhumanisi ngasinye. Kunamaketanga amaningi ahlobene futhi yilokho okwaziwa njengewebhu yokudla.
Umehluko phakathi kochungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni nolwandle
Sizobona ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezahlukahlukene ezenza uchungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni lwehluke kolwamanzi. I-ecosystem ngayinye inamaketanga ayo okudla akhiwe yizilwane nezitshalo ezihlala ngaphakathi kwaleyo biome. Uchungechunge lwe-trophic lwe-ecosystem lwasemhlabeni lwehlukile kolwasemanzini ngokuthi lokhu kwakhiwa yizidalwa ezihlala ezindaweni zasemanzini. Okuhluka kakhulu kuyisimo semvelo lapho kuhlala khona izinto eziphilayo.
Into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukuthi womabili amaketanga angahlobene kwezinye izindawo. Ezinye izidalwa zasemanzini ziyakwazi ukuzondla izilwane zomhlaba kanye nokunye. Ngokwesibonelo, i-kingfisher evamile iyingxenye yemvelo yasemhlabeni futhi iphakela izinhlanzi ezincane ezingemvelo yasemanzini. Esinye isibonelo yileso senhlanzi ecibishelayo. Lezi zinhlanzi zizingela izinambuzane ezindiza ziwele phansi ezitshalweni ezisondele ebusweni bamanzi. Lesi yisibonelo esicacile sokuxubana phakathi kwamaketanga okudla okusemhlabeni nasemanzini.
Izinto ezibolayo yilezo eziphethe ukwelapha izinsalela zezinto ezifile kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yochungechunge. Lezi zinto eziphilayo ziguqula izinsalela zezidumbu zibe udaba lwazo ukuze zizondle. Ekugcineni, lokhu kudluliswa kwendaba kugcina kungamandla azungeze ukuqala kochungechunge, abe ngabakhiqizi abakhulu.
Izibonelo
Kunezibonelo eziningi zamaketanga okudla asemhlabeni. Kunezibonelo eziningi kakhulu kangangokuba azinakubalwa. Ubudlelwano obusha butholwa nsuku zonke njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo nemvelo kufundelwa ngokuqhubekayo. Sizokhombisa izibonelo ezimbalwa zochungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni:
Isibonelo se-1
Lapha sithola i-calendula njengesitshalo esiyisilwane esiyinhloko esikhiqiza. Inyosi idla impova kanye nompe wembali kuphela, ngakho-ke lesi sitshalo asinakulimala. Umudli wezinyosi uyinyoni egxile ekuzingeleni izinyosi, yize futhi ingadla ezinye izinambuzane. Ekugcineni, impungushe, yize ingazingeli izinhlobo zezilwane ezindala, ingahlasela izidleke ezakhiwa yilezi zinyoni phansi. Ngakho-ke, ikwazi ukuzingela izinyoni emaqandeni.
Kulesi sibonelo siyabona ukuthi abakhiqizi bokuqala badliwa ngabathengi bokuqala, bese kuthi ngabathengi besibili. Lezi zidlakela zigcina ngokufa futhi zidliwe yizinto eziphilayo ezibolayo. Izinto ezibolayo imvamisa kuba amagciwane nesikhunta esibhekene nokubulala isidumbu sempungushe.
Isibonelo se-2
I-spruce iyi-conifer imigqa yayo isebenza njengokudla kwe-elk. Yize kungeyona isicathulo ngqo ngempungushe yeqhwa, ngakho-ke ingadla izinsalela zesidumbu. Impungushe nayo ibanjwa yimpisi. Impisi ibhekwa njenge isilwane esikhulu esikwaziyo ukuzingela ama-moose nezimpungushe.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kunezinhlobo eziningi zobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezakha i-ecosystem. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuxhumana olukhona phakathi kwabo, uchungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni luzoba nezixhumanisi ezingaphezulu noma ezingaphansi nezici ezihlukile.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nochungechunge lokudla kwasemhlabeni nokusebenza kwalo.