Namuhla sizokhuluma ngesihloko esisitshekelwe kakhulu ku-biology futhi sibaluleke kakhulu. Imayelana ne- oligosaccharides. Angama-molecule akhiwa phakathi kwezinsalela ze-monosaccharide eziphakathi kuka-2 no-10 futhi axhumene nezibopho ze-glycosidic. Lawa ma-oligosaccharides angatholakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokudla okunothile njengotamatisi, ubisi, u-anyanisi, ibhali, i-rye nogalikhi, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela zonke izici, ukusebenza nokubaluleka kwama-oligosaccharides.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukubaluleka kwama-oligosaccharides kuqala embonini yokudla nakwezolimo. Futhi ukuthi kulezi zindawo ukunakekelwa okukhulu kukhokhelwe isenzo sayo kuma-prebiotic, izinto ezingagayeki, ezinye izinto ezizuzisayo ngenxa yokukhuthaza okukhethiwe kokukhula nomsebenzi wezinhlobo zamagciwane ekholoni. Amaphephandaba atholakala emithonjeni yemvelo nange-hydrolysis yama-polysaccharides. Uma siyihlaziya kusuka ezitshalweni, siyabona ukuthi zingama-oligosaccharides kashukela, i-galactose ne-sucrose, eyokugcina iyiyona egcwele kakhulu kunayo yonke. Futhi zingatholakala zinamathiselwe kuma-protein akha ama-glycoprotein.
Ukubaluleka kwama-glycoprotein kuhlala endimeni yabo ekwazisweni kwamaseli, ukubopha i-lectin, ukwakheka kwe-matrix engaphezulu kwamaseli, ukutheleleka ngegciwane kanye nokuchazwa kwe-antigen. Ukwakheka kwawo kwama-carbohydrate kuyahlukahluka. Ama-Oligosaccharides akhiwa ngama-monosaccharides angaba ngama-ketoses nama-aldoses. Angama-carbohydrate ahlukile kohlobo lukashukela anamaqembu amaningi e-hydroxyl. Amaqembu otshwala analawa ma-hydroxyl angaba ngamabanga aphansi nasesekondari. Ngale ndlela, siyabona ukuthi ukwakheka kwama-monosaccharides akha ama-oligosaccharides kungumjikelezo. Lezi zakhiwo zingaba uhlobo lwe-pyranose noma lwe-furanose.
Isibonelo salokhu yi-glucose, eyi-aldose enesakhiwo se-cyclic yi-pyranose. Ngokolunye uhlangothi, ezithelweni, sithola i-fructose, eyi-ketosis enesakhiwo se-cyclic i-furanose. Onke ama-monosaccharides akha i-oligosaccharide anokulungiswa kwe-D kwe-glyceraldehyde. Kukhona amanye ama-oligosaccharides angadleki kalula futhi anokumiswa okuhlukile. Iqiniso lokuthi azigayeki kungenxa yokuthi ukwakheka akukwazi ukufakwa i-hydrolyzed ngama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla avela emathunjini nasematheni. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, bayazwela ku-hydrolysis ngesenzo sama-enzyme amabhaktheriya akukholoni.
Ukwakhiwa nemisebenzi yama-oligosaccharides
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni kwendatshana, lezi zakhiwe phakathi kwezinsalela ze-monosaccharide eziphakathi kuka-3-10. Okunye okwehlukile esikutholayo lapho sibheka ukwakheka yi-inulin. Yi-oligosaccharide engagayeki enezinsalela ezingaphezu kwe-10 ze-monosaccharide. Uma sikhuluma ngezinsalela sikhomba ekususweni kwesimomuli samanzi lapho kwakhiwa isibopho se-glycoside phakathi kwama-monosaccharides.
Mayelana nemisebenzi, sinama-disaccharides avame kakhulu angama-sucrose ne-lactose. Zombili ziyimithombo yamandla esiza umzimba ukuthi usebenze kahle. Eminye imisebenzi yama-oligosaccharides angagayeki ukuthi ama-prebiotic, ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwamagciwane kanye nokwehlisa i-cholesterol. Ngakho-ke, ziyindlela enhle embonini yokudla uma sifuna ukuthuthukisa impilo yabantu ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke.
Zisebenza futhi njengezishukela zokufakelwa futhi zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthambekeleni kwamathambo. Esinye isici esithuthukisa ikhwalithi yala ma-molecule ukulawulwa kwesifo sikashukela ngokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-microflora yamathumbu. La ma-oligosaccharides abhekwe njengezakhiwo ezinjengokwehlisa ubungozi bokutheleleka kanye nohudo ngokunciphisa izitshalo ezinamagciwane kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuphendula kwamasosha omzimba.
Kunezifundo eziningi ezisekela yonke le misebenzi futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sizama ukuzibandakanya kakhulu empilweni yethu yosuku nosuku.
Izinhlobo zama-oligosaccharides
Lapho sizama ukuhlukanisa la ma-molecule, siyabona ukuthi angahlukaniswa abe ajwayelekile futhi angavamile. Okokuqala kungama-disaccharides. I-Sucrose ne-lactose yizona ezivame kakhulu. Okungajwayelekile yilabo abanakho kanjalo izinsalela ezintathu noma ngaphezulu kuphela ze-monosaccharide futhi iningi lazo zitholakala zisatshalaliswa ezitshalweni. Lokho okutholakala emvelweni kwehlukile kuma-monosaccharides awakhiqizayo. Ngakho-ke, kutholakala ama-oligosaccharides alandelayo: i-fructooligosaccharides (FOS), i-galactooligosaccharides (GOS); i-lactulooligosaccharides etholakala ku-galactooligosaccharides (LDGOS); ama-xylooligosaccharides (XOS); ama-arabinooligosaccharides (OSA); okususelwa kolwandle lwasolwandle (ADMO).
Enye indlela ekhona yokuhlukanisa la ma-molekyuli ukuwahlukanisa ngamaqembu okuqala nawesibili. Okuyinhloko yilokho okutholakala ezitshalweni futhi kuhlukaniswe kwaba okususelwa ku-glucose ne-sucrose. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinama-secondaryaries akhiwa kusuka kuma-primaries. Okuyinhloko yilawo ahlanganiswe kusuka kuma-monosaccharides naku-glycosyl donor esebenzisa i-glycosyltransferase. Isibonelo salokhu yi-sucrose.
Ama-disaccharides maningi kakhulu futhi phakathi kwawo sine-sucrose. I-Sucrose yakhiwe nge-glucose ne-fructose. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kune-lactose, eyakhiwa i-glucose ne-galactose. I-Lactose itholakala kuphela obisini. Namuhla kunabantu abaningi abangabekezelelani ne-lactose ngoba umzimba wabo awunawo ama-enzyme akwazi ukuwasebenzisa.
Izicelo kumdlavuza wekoloni
Ukuvela kwesifo somdlavuza wekoloni kuhlobene nendlela yokuphila. Inyama notshwala kwandisa ubungozi bokuvela kwalesi sifo, kuyilapho ukudla okunothe ku-fiber nobisi kuyasinciphisa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukufunda ukwethula ukudla okunothile nokuhlukahlukene kwezakhamzimba ekudleni kwethu. Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwama-prebiotic kusekelwe ekubhekweni ukuthi i-bifidobacteria ne-lactobacilli yehluleka ukukhiqiza izinto ezakha umdlavuza.
Iningi lezifundo esezenziwe bekungezilwane hhayi kubantu. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-prebiotic kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kukhiqize ukwehla okukhulu kweseli yekoloni kanye ne-genotoxicity, okusiza ukukhulisa umsebenzi wesithiyo samathumbu.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngama-oligosaccharides nezici zawo.