Smog, yini, imiphumela yayo nokuthi ungalwa kanjani nayo

Izikhathi eziningi siyaphumela emgwaqeni, futhi ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane, singabona uhlobo lwentuthu emoyeni lapho abaningi bethu beyibona ngephutha njengenkungu ekhanyayo. Yi-smog eyaziwayo noma i-photochemical smog.

Intuthu ayilutho ngaphandle ukungcoliswa komkhathi lokho kuthinta kabi impilo yethu. Okulandelayo, ngizochaza ukuthi iyini ngempela intuthu, ukuthi ikhiqizwa kanjani, imiphumela yayo kokubili imvelo kanye nempilo, phakathi kwezinye izinto ezingaba nentshisekelo.

Yini i-smog?

I-Smog ingumphumela we izamba ezinkulu zokungcola komoya, ikakhulu kusuka emsini wamalahle avuthayo, noma futhi kungenxa ye- ukuphuma kwegesi kukhiqizwa izimboni noma izimboni nezimoto.

Okusho ukuthi, intuthu yifu elikhiqizwe yi- ukungcola kwemvelo futhi uthola leli gama ngoba lifana nefu elingcolile, amagama esiNgisi afuna ukwenza ihlaya ukunikeza isidlaliso kunkungu eshiwo futhi bahlanganise amagama ubhema (intuthu) kanye inkungu (inkungu).

Ikhiqizwa kanjani intuthu yamakhemikhali?

Manje, ukuqonda ukuthi leli fu noma ukungcoliswa kwenzeka kanjani, ngizozama ukulichaza ngendlela elula.

I-Los ukungcola okuyinhloko okukhiqiza intuthu ngama-nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), nitric acid (HNO3), nitratoacetyl peroxide (PAN), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), amakhemikhali e-oxidized ngokwengxenye namanye ama-hydrocarbon akhanyayo angashiswanga kepha adedelwa izimoto njengoba ngishilo ngenhla.

Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- ukukhanya kwelanga ngoba ikhiqiza ama-radicals amahhala aqala izinqubo zamakhemikhali zokwakhiwa kwaleli fu.

Ngenxa ye-NO2, kwesinye isikhathi ingavela ngombala wewolintshi noma kunjalo okujwayelekile umbala ompunga. Esinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu isibhakabhaka saseChina noma saseJapan.

Ukuqoqwa kwamagesi okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla yizimbangela zokwakheka "kwefu" elifana nentuthu nokuthi, uma kuhlanganiswa nesikhathi ingcindezi ephezulu, kubangela umoya omile ukwakha inkungu ukuthi, esikhundleni sokwakhiwa ngamaconsi amanzi, yakhiwa umoya ongcolile, okwenza kube nesimo esiyingozi, esicasulayo futhi kwezinye izimo sinobuthi.

Konke lokhu yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi intuthu yamakhemikhali okuyinto ejwayelekile emadolobheni kanye naleyo engigxile kuyo kulesi sihloko, kodwa futhi njengedatha efundisayo, kuphela ukuphawula ukuthi kukhona uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwentuthu, futhi umusi osabekayo.

Lokhu kungathatha imvula ene-asidi nenkungu.

Imiphumela emvelweni

Ngokusobala sinakho ngakolunye uhlangothi okubalulekile umthelela ekubukekeni komhlaba ngenxa yezimbangela ezimbili:

• Ukuguqulwa kwakho, ngoba ukungcola okusemoyeni ngqo noma ngokungaqondile kuthonya ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezinto eziphilayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngoba i-smog inciphisa kakhulu i- ukubonakala.

Emadolobheni anentuthu ephezulu, ibanga ukusuka umbono wehliselwe emashumini ambalwa wamamitha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono okukhulunywa ngawo ekujuleni awubonakalisi nje kuphela ngokuvundlile, kepha futhi ukwenzeka ngokuqondile, okwenza kungabonakali isibhakabhaka.

Intuthu eyeqile kusho ukuthi awekho amafu, akukho sibhakabhaka esicwebile noma ubusuku obugcwele izinkanyezi, iveli eliphuzi-mpunga noma elisawolintshi ngaphezulu kwethu.

• Omunye umthelela obangelwa yintuthu yilawa izinguquko esimweni sezulu lendawo.

Imiphumela ingaba:

• Kukhuphuka ukushisa yize izehlakalo zemisebe yeLanga ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe ngesithiyo sentuthu.

Ukushisa okwenziwe ngaphakathi akukwazi ukuphuma ngaphandle ngenxa yokuqongelelwa kwamagesi adala ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa.

• Ukuzikisa kushintshiwe ngoba ukungcola nezinhlayiya ekumisweni kwekhabhoni kubangela ukwehla kwamazinga emvula.

Lapha ibinzana le-whiting eliluma umsila lilingana kahle ngoba uma sinenkinga yokubhema ngeke ibe khona imvula, futhi ngaphandle kwemvula noma umoya, akunakwenzeka ukulwa ngendlela yemvelo kuyintuthu.

Imiphumela yezempilo

Sengishilo ukuthi intuthu idala isithiyo esiyingozi, esicasulayo nesinobuthi, manje ake sibone ukuthi iyini imiphumela yaso empilweni yethu.

• Bonke abantu abahlala edolobheni "elingcolile" banikezwa kucasula amehlo nesistimu yokuphefumula, okungukuthi, umphimbo nekhala.
• Nokho, izingane kanye nabantu abadala basengozini kakhulu nge-sulfur dioxide, i-carbon monoxide ne-nitrogen dioxide, ngaphezu kwe abantu abanezinkinga zamaphaphu njenge-emphysema, i-asthma noma i-bronchitis noma ngisho nabantu abane- izifo zenhliziyo.
• Abantu abaye izifo bangaxwayisa ngokubi kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kungcola, ikakhulukazi lapho imvelo ilayishe kakhulu noma ngezinsuku zemvula lapho konke ukungcola kufakwa khona.
• Kungadala futhi ukuphefumula, umphimbo obuhlungu, ukukhwehlela, nokwehla kwamandla emaphaphu emadolobheni amakhulu.
• Kungadala futhi i-anemia Ngenxa yokuxinana okuphezulu kwelinye lala magesi, ikakhulukazi i-carbon monoxide (CO), livimba ukushintshaniswa komoya-mpilo egazini nasemaphashini.
• Lokhu akugcini lapha ngoba i-photochemical smog nayo ingaba imbangela yokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathiEqinisweni, kunecala enhlokodolobha yaseBrithani lapho maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX kwaba nokufa okukhulu, kufinyelela irekhodi (uma kungabizwa kanjalo) lokufa kwalokhu kungcola.

Kusukela ngo-1948 kuya ku-1962, abantu abangaba ngu-5.500 XNUMX bafa ngenxa yomusi eNgilandi.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukungcoliswa komoya kuthinta izakhamizi eziyi-8 kwezingu-10 emhlabeni

Amadolobha anezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lentuthu

Ngokusobala i- amadolobha amabi kakhulu Ngokuphathelene nentuthu, yibo abanayo imimoya enamandla futhi engapheli, okungukuthi, labo abaseduze kogu, ezigodini ezivalekile ... futhi nge imvula encane.

Ezinye izibonelo zalamadolobha yilezi:

• I-England eshiwo ngenhla, London uhlupheke kakhulu esikhathini esedlule ngenxa yomusi, yingakho izimiso neziqondiso ezahlukahlukene bezilokhu zikhona bebenza ngcono umoya, ukudala izindawo ezingenantuthu, ukuvimbela izimboni ezithile kanye nokuvimbela izimoto ukungena endaweni yedolobha, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
• Ngemuva kwalokho sinakho Los AngelesNjengoba kungukucindezeleka okuzungezwe izintaba, ngakho-ke intuthu eyakhekayo kunzima kakhulu ukubalekela. Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi ingenye yamadolobha angcolisa kakhulu futhi namanje ayenzi lukhulu ukunciphisa izinga layo lokungcola nokwakhiwa kwenkungu.
• ISantiago neMexicoFuthi banenkinga yokuthi ayikho imimoya enamandla futhi bangamadolobha avaliwe.

Njengoba utholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, umoya obandayo ugcina intuthu yamakhemikhali "ibambelele".

• Amazwe lapho amalahle angumthombo obalulekile wamandla futhi asathuthuka njenge China noma ezinye Amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu, intuthu iseyinkinga enkulu.

Kodwa-ke, namuhla, amazwe athuthuke kakhulu Bathuthukile izinhlelo zokuhlanza nokulawula yamandla okubasa akhiqiza le “nkungu” enobuthi noma intuthu, ngakho-ke izehlakalo zayo zincane.

Okulandelayo, ngikushiya ividiyo enezithombe lapho isibonisa khona idolobha laseBeijing, eChina, ngekhodi elibomvu ngenxa yentuthu.

Ukulwa nentuthu yamakhemikhali

Kule mpi sinezinhlangothi ezi-3, i- Ohulumeni nezinkampani ezinkulu, the izakhamizi futhi ungumnikazi imvelo.

Okokuqala, intuthu ingalwa ngokuphelele nomama imvelo, lokhu kubonga imvula nomoya ohlanza futhi uvuselele umoya osizungezile.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuvame kakhulu ukuthi intuthu ivele ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona umoya omncane noma ongenawo nhlobo futhi lapho kuna khona imvula encane, futhi-ke, ukungcola okuphezulu.

Uma imvelo "ngamandla" ayo okuvuselela umoya ingabhekana nentuthu futhi inqobe izimpi, Iziphi izinhlangothi ezi-2 ezibamba iqhaza?

Kalula, ezimeni eziningi lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqoqwa kwalezi zingcolisi nokwakheka kwe-smog, kungenxa yokuthi imvelo ayisenawo amathuluzi adingekayo ukukwazi ukumelana nezinga eliphakeme kangaka lokungcola.

Futhi, kulezi zimo, lapho i- Ohulumeni nezinkampani ezinkulu.

Ohulumeni nezinkampani ezinjalo Yizimbangela yokuthi amadolobha aqhubeke nokugcwala umusi ngoba yizona ezivumela ukungcola okungcolisa umoya, iningi lazo elikhiqizwa amafemu nezimboni.

Ngabe izakhamizi labo okwathi, ngokunikela ngohlamvu lwethu lwesihlabathi, bangasiza imvelo ukulwa nentuthu.

Njengoba kushiwo, enye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokubonakala kwentuthu yimisi ekhiqizwa yizimoto, izithuthuthu, amaloli nezindlela zokuhamba ngokujwayelekile.

Kusobala ukuthi uhlamvu lwesihlabathi engibhekise kulo yizindlela ze gwema ukuqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwentuthu nasekungcoleni.

Ngisho kahle ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezithuthi zomphakathi, ukubheja ezimotweni zikagesi, njll. Ngalokhu, kunesiqubulo esihle kakhulu esithi: “Cabanga umhlaba wonke, yenza okwendawo!

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukushukuma komzimba okulula njengokuthatha ibhasi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomoya, kulokhu uma singeza ukubekwa kwezikhala eziluhlaza okwengeziwe, kungaba amapaki, uphahla oluhlaza noma izingadi eziqondile, amadolobha angathola ikhefu ngakho-ke nathi.