Emkhakheni webhayoloji, kufundwa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho mycorrhizae. Luhlobo lobudlelwano be-symbiotic obenzeka phakathi kwezimpande zezitshalo ezithile nezinye izikhunta ezingezona ezibangela amagciwane kuzo. Kusho ukuthi zombili izinto eziphilayo noma zinohlobo lwenzuzo ngalobu budlelwano. Leli gama lisuselwa kumagama esiGreki athi mykos no-rhiza, okusho ukuthi "amakhowe" kanye "nezimpande" ngokulandelana.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-mycorrhizae nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobudlelwano bezidalwa eziphilayo kepha i-mycorrhizae isungulwe phakathi kwezimpande zezitshalo ezithile ezinesikhunta ezingabalulekile kuzo. Izinhlobo ezimbili zobudlelwano be-symbiotic zichazwe phakathi kwesikhunta nezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo: ubulembu ne-mycorrhizae. Ubulembu ngokuvamile buqukethe ukuxhumana okuhlala njalo phakathi kwe-alga nefungus. Lezi zinto ezimbili ziyahlomula ngokuhlanganyela kulobu budlelwano obusekelwe ekusindeni. I-Mycorrhizae ihambelana nokuhlangana phakathi kwesikhunta nezimpande zesitshalo semithambo.
Njenganoma yibuphi ubudlelwano obukhona obucacisiwe bohlobo lwe-symbiosis, bamele ukuxhumana okusondele kakhulu futhi okugcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuze bathole izinzuzo zombili, kufanele ihlale isikhathi esanele. I-Mycorrhizae ivame ngokweqile. Ososayensi abaningi bacabanga kanjalo Izinhlobo ezingama-90% zezitshalo zemithambo echazwe njengamanje, zombili lezo zasendle, lezo ezitshalwe ngumuntu, zihlotshaniswa nesikhunta ngezimpande.
Noma ngabe hlobo luni lwe-mycorrhiza, umphumela uyefana. Izitshalo zithola inzuzo yokwanda kokumuncwa kwamaminerali kanye nokuvikelwa okuthile kuma-pathogenic nematode noma isikhunta. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhunta sithola ushukela nezinto ezingokwemvelo ezinomsoco nezitholakala ezicutshini zezitshalo. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, zombili izinto eziphilayo zithola inzuzo ngokuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
Umsebenzi we-mycorrhizae
Sizobona ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-mycorrhizae ezinhlelweni zemvelo. Siyazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinhlobo ezimbili ezithintekayo. Ikakhulukazi ukubaluleka kulele kulokho okubhekiswe ekondleni. Isikhunta sinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zokubamba izitshalo. Futhi ukuthi lezi fungi zisiza ikhono lesitshalo lokumunca izakhi zamanzi nezamaminerali ezibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwalo. Kulezi zimaminerali ezibalulekile sithola i-phosphorus, i-manganese, i-zinc nethusi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthamo wokumunca uphakeme kakhulu kunakuqala selokhu isitshalo siphethe ithola ukuvikelwa ekuhlaselweni ezinye izikhunta eziyizifo. Baphinde bathole lokhu kuvikelwa kuma-nematode emhlabathini. Azilutho ngaphandle kwezikelemu eziyindilinga. Ngokwengxenye yayo, isitshalo esisingethe sinikeza ukhunta ukwesekwa kokwakheka kanye nezinto zokudla ngendlela yamavithamini kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezicutshungulwayo. Lezi zinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenziwa ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis, isikhunta esingakwazi ukuyenza.
Izimpande zezitshalo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu eziseduze zingaxhumana zodwa nge-hyphae isikhunta esihambisana nazo ezinazo. Lokhu kwenza ubudlelwano futhi busebenze ngokudlulisa amanzi nezakhamzimba kusuka kwesinye isitshalo kuye kwesinye ngomgwaqo omkhulu oyisikhunta.
Izinhlobo ze-mycorrhizae
Kusuka kumvelo yemvelo kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-mycorrhizae kuya ngezinhlobo zobudlelwano ezikhona. Kunezinhlobo eziningi: endomycorrhizae kanye ne-ectomycorrhizae. Abokuqala bamele ama-80% azo zonke izitshalo zemithambo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izici zalowo nalowo kubo:
I-Endomycorrhizae
Yilolo hlobo lobudlelwano obusondelene nalokho I-hyphae ye-fungus ingena kumaseli ezimpande zesitshalo. Ngenxa yalokhu kungena kwamaseli, kungenzeka ukusungula ukuxhumana okusondele kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zombili ukushintshana ngezakhamzimba namandla. Ingxenye yefungal ye-endomycorrhizae eningi iyisikhunta sohlobo lwe-glomeromycotic, olweqembu lesikhunta esiqinile se-symbiont. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lobu budlelwano abucacisi kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuyaqondakala ukuthi isikhunta singakha izitshalo eziningana ngezindlela ezihlukile.
I-Ectomycorrhizae
Lolu hlobo lobudlelwano be-symbiont lwenzeka lapho i-hyphae ye-fungus izungeze iseli lempande, kepha azingeni odongeni lweseli. Lobu budlelwano baziwa njenge-ectomycorrhizal. Isikhunta esibamba iqhaza kulolu hlobo lobudlelwano siseqenjini le-agaromycot, yize kukhona nesikhunta esingezama-ascomycetes. Imvamisa kuvamile kwezinye izihlahla nezihlahlana ezindaweni ezifudumele nezishisayo. Izihlahla lapho kutholakala khona inani eliningi le-ectomycorrhizae ngama-oki, ama-poplar, amaphayini, iminyezane, i-eucalyptus, phakathi kokunye.
Phakathi kwezinhlobo lapho kutholakala lolu hlobo lokuhlangana, siyabona ukuthi lesi sitshalo sinokumelana okukhulu nezimo zezulu ezinesomiso noma amazinga okushisa aphansi angadala isithwathwa. Zibonakala ngoba i-hyphae yesikhunta bakha uhlobo lwenethiwekhi enamagatsha amakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi inethiwekhi yeHartig. Imvamisa le nethiwekhi yakhiwa kumaseli e-epidermis nase-cortex enkulu. Ekugcineni ingazungeza iningi lamaseli ezicubu zombili.
Ukubaluleka
Ake sibone ukuthi kubaluleke ngani i-mycorrhizae ku-ecosystem yemvelo. Zimelela obunye bobudlelwano obubaluleke kakhulu bokufanelana. Ukubaluleka kwalobu budlelwano kuxhomeke ekutheni umninikhaya uyatshala bangakwazi ukwenza amakoloni ezindaweni ezingazali. Lokhu kubenza bandise indawo yabo yokwabiwa nobuningi ezindaweni eziphila kuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi ukoloni kwemvelo yasemhlabeni yizitshalo zenzeka ngenxa yobuhlobo babo nezinhlobo ezithile zesikhunta. Konke lokhu kungaziwa ngenxa yokutadisha izinsalela zezitshalo eziveza izinhlangano ezihlala njalo ze-mycorrhizal phakathi kokhokho bezitshalo nefungi esikwaziyo namuhla.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-mycorrhizae nokubaluleka abanakho.