Kwesinye i-athikili besihlaziya i- izitshalo ze-gymnosperm kanye nezici zabo. Namuhla siqhubeka nokuchaza futhi sihlukanise izitshalo ze-angiosperm. Lokhu kwaziwa kangcono ngoba singakuthola emapaki nasezivandeni zamadolobha ethu noma kuyingxenye yokudla kwethu. Eziningi zazo zikhona ezindaweni ezixakile nezikude futhi, ngokungangabazeki, zingubuhle futhi okumele bazi. Zonke lezi zitshalo zingeqembu lama-angiosperms.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela zonke izici, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemisebenzi yezitshalo ze-angiosperm.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukwazi ngezimbali nezimila zeplanethi yethu kuyathakazelisa ngokubuka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokwazi ukubaluleka kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezisizungezile. Into yokuqala efundwayo lapho ufuna ukwazi ngezimbali zendawo indawo yokwabiwa nomehluko phakathi kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo nezitshalo ezingekho izimbali. Izitshalo zokuqala yilezo ezingama-angiosperms namaphiko e-gymnosperms wesibili. Uma sikhuluma ngama-gymnosperms sikhuluma ngezitho zokuzala zezitshalo zihamba ze ngokuphelele futhi zingenakho ukuvikelwa. Lapha imbewu ayinazo izimvilophu zezimbali eziyivikelayo futhi ayivezi nezithelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezo zitshalo eziseqenjini lama-angiosperms zinama-stamens, ama-pistils kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokuzala ezingasebenzi nje ukuvikela izitshalo, kodwa futhi ziyingxenye yezimbali ezinhle. Kuleli qembu lezitshalo zaziwa njengezitshalo eziqhakaza izimbali futhi yilezo zitshalo zemithambo ezinembewu eseqenjini lama-spermatophytes. Iqembu lezitshalo ezahlukahlukene eligcwele izici ezimangazayo. Okuheha kakhulu maqondana nokubukeka okubonakalayo ubuhle bezimbali zayo. Futhi ukuthi bayakwazi ukuhlanganisa imibala ehlukene ebenza bahluke enhlotsheni ngayinye.
Iqiniso lokuthi linezitshalo ezihlabayo akusikho ukuthi abantu abanawo umbono, kepha liyingxenye yenqubo yalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuze uhlobo oluthile lukwazi ukuqhubeka nesikhathi, kufanele lukwazi ukuzala kabusha. Endabeni yama-angiosperms, adinga ukunakwa ngama-pollinators. Ama-pollinator angaba izinambuzane, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kwakukhona izinto ezithile zemvelo ezifana nomoya namanzi. Ukuze kwandiswe indawo yabo yokusatshalaliswa, ama-angiosperms athuthukise uchungechunge lokuzivumelanisa ngokuya ngamasu asebenza ukuheha ukunaka kwabathutha impova ngaphandle kokusebenzisa kakhulu ukunwetshwa kwawo. Ngale ndlela, zingazala futhi zikhulise hhayi kuphela inani labantu, kodwa futhi nendawo lapho zisabalale khona.
Incazelo yama-angiosperms
Abavolontiya, noma ngabe bayini, bakhangwa yizimbali zakho bese bezama ukufika empova. Lezi zithutha impova kufanele zihambise impova ezithweni zokuzala ezitholakala kwezinye izimbali zezinhlobo ezifanayo zezitshalo. Ngale ndlela, inqubo yokukhiqiza izitshalo yenziwa kulolu hlobo lwezitshalo.
Ama-Angiosperms aguquke kuwo wonke umlando futhi ahlukahluka ngendlela emangalisayo. Ukuvela kwama-angiosperms kwenzeke ngesikhathi seCretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-130 edlule. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi ezinye zezici eziyinhloko ama-angiosperms anazo:
- Singathola izitshalo ze-angiosperm cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba. Azikho kangako ezindaweni ezibandayo ngenxa yamazinga okushisa adlulele. Bayakwazi ukusinda bobabili ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni nezasemanzini.
- Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo singazithola ku- osayizi abahlukahlukene, izakhiwo nezindawo. Isibonelo salokhu yizitshalo ezinamahlahla nezitshalo ezinomuthi.
- Zonke zakhiwe ngezitho zemifino ezihlukaniswe kahle. Lezi zitho zemifino ziyizimpande, isiqu namaqabunga.
- Izimbali ziyabukisa kakhulu ukuheha ukunakwa kwezinambuzane. Zethula ezinye zezakhiwo ezilandelayo: ama-sepals, amacembe, i-hornbeam nezitho zokuzala zabesifazane ezifana ne-ovary, enesakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi esakhiwe ngesitayela nenhlamba.
Izibonelo zezitshalo ze-angiosperm
Sizobona ezinye zezibonelo zezitshalo ze-angiosperm esizazi kangcono futhi eziyingxenye, iningi lazo, lokudla kwethu. Ziwumthombo wokudla kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele futhi nakhu okunye okusanhlamvu nezihlahla zezithelo kugqamile.. Ezinye zezibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo: ukolweni, irayisi, ummbila, ushukela, ikhofi, izihlahla zama-apula, ubhanana, izihlahla zamawolintshi nokwatapheya, phakathi kokunye. Konke lokhu kudla kungokwesigaba se-angiosperms futhi akuyona nje into ngaphandle kwezithelo zezitshalo. Izithelo yilokho esisizakala ngakho ukuzondla.
Ngaphambi kokudala lezi zithelo, izitshalo zikhiqiza izimbali zazo ukuze zidonse ukunakekelwa kwempova. Ngale ndlela bakwazi ukwandisa futhi bakhiqize izithelo. Ngaphakathi kwezithelo kukhona imbewu yokuqhubeka nokukhula.
Ukwehluka ngezitshalo ze-gymnosperm.
Womabili la maqembu anezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele. Bangamaqembu amabili ezitshalo ukuvela kwawo okuphumelele kakhulu emvelweni. Ake sibone ukuthi yini eminye umehluko:
- Iqembu le- ama-angiosperms adlula ama-gymnosperms zombili izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo. Lokhu kwenzeka njengoba kubhekwa njengohlobo lwesitshalo esikhula kakhulu.
- Ukwakheka kwezimbali nezithelo eziluma imbewu yama-angiosperms azikho kuma-gymnosperms.
- Ama-Gymnosperms banezigaxa nezinhlelo ezinokukhula okulinganiselwe. Lezi zibopho zingathathwa njengezimbali kepha azifani. Izimbali ziyabukisa kakhulu futhi nabantu bazisebenzisela ukuhlobisa.
- Ezitshalweni ze-gymnosperm ama-gametes abandakanyeka enqubeni yokuzala ahlukaniswa ngama-cones ahlukene, ngokuba yizigaxa zesilisa nezesifazane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuma-angiosperms sithola izimbali ezinama-ovules ku-pistil kanye nempova kuziqu ezisembalini efanayo. Singathola futhi lezo ezinezimbali eziqhuma zesilisa kanye / noma zezinsikazi esitshalweni esisodwa.
- Cishe wonke ama-gymnosperms Banamaqabunga afana nenaliti, amise okwenaliti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, elinye iqembu lezitshalo sithola amaqabunga ezinhlobo eziningi.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezitshalo ze-angiosperm nezici zazo.