Ngaphakathi kweqembu le-algae sine-microalgae ehlala emanzini kanye ne-unicellular. Phakathi kwalezi sinazo ama-diatom. Zingaba zohlobo lwe-plantonic, okungukuthi, zibe nempilo yamahhala noma zibe namakoloni. Ama-diatom abonakala ngokusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zonke, ngakho-ke singawathola kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana diatoms, izici zabo kanye nokubaluleka.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kanye namanye amaqembu ama-microalgae, ayingxenye yenani elikhulu le-phytoplankton outcrops emanzini ashisayo, ashisayo, e-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Umsuka wabo usukela enkathini yeJurassic, futhi namuhla bamele elinye lamaqembu amakhulu ama-microalgae aziwa isintu, ngezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100.000 ezichazwe phakathi kokushabalala nokushabalala.
Ngokwemvelo, ayingxenye ebalulekile yewebhu yokudla yezinhlelo eziningi zebhayoloji. Izinsalela ze-diatom ziwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wezinto eziphilayo ezinqwabelana olwandle.
Ngemva kwenqubo ende yokubeka, ukucindezelwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezigidi zeminyaka, lezi zinsalela zibe uwoyela oqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwempucuko yethu yamanje. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ulwandle lwalumboza izifunda zomhlaba zanamuhla. Ezinye zalezi zindawo zisenamadiphozithi e-diatomaceous earth, ebizwa ngokuthi i-diatomaceous Earth.
Ziyizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic kanye ne-photosynthetic ezinesiteji se-diploid cell. Zonke izinhlobo zalezi microalgae bane-unicellular futhi banesimo sempilo yamahhala. Kwezinye izimo, azokwakha amakoloni (ayindilinga), amaketanga amade, imikhakha, nama-spirals.
Isici esiyisisekelo sama-diatom ukuthi anegobolondo le-diatom. Ama-Diatom frustules awuhlobo lodonga lwamaseli olwakhiwe ikakhulukazi i-silicon dioxide, ezungeza amaseli esakhiweni esifana nesitsha sePetri noma isitsha sePetri. Ingxenye engenhla yaleli capsule ibizwa ngokuthi i-epithelium kanti ingxenye engezansi ibizwa ngokuthi i-mortgage. Umhlobiso wegobolondo uyahlukahluka kolunye uhlobo kuya kolunye.
Ukudla okunomsoco we-Diatom
Ama-diatom yizinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic: asebenzisa ukukhanya (amandla elanga) ukuwaguqula abe yinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zinhlanganisela ze-organic ziyadingeka ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zakho zebhayoloji kanye ne-metabolic.
Ukuze uhlanganise lezi zinhlanganisela eziphilayo, ama-diatom adinga umsocoLezi zakhi ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-silicon. Isici sokugcina sisebenza njengesakhi esikhawulelayo ngoba siyadingeka ekwakhekeni kwe-diatom frustules.
Ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis, lawa ma-microorganisms asebenzisa i-pigments njenge-chlorophyll ne-carotenoids.
I-chlorophyll
I-Chlorophyll iyi-pigment eluhlaza ye-photosynthetic etholakala ku-chloroplast. Zimbili kuphela izinhlobo ezaziwayo kuma-diatom: i-chlorophyll a (Chl a) ne-chlorophyll c (Chl c). U-Chl ubamba iqhaza ikakhulukazi enqubweni ye-photosynthesis; kunalokho, i-Chl c iyi-pigment esesekeli. I-Chl c evame kakhulu kuma-diatom yi-c1 ne-c2.
AmaCarotenoids
I-Carotenoids iyiqembu lezingulube zomndeni we-isoprenoid. Ku-diatom, okungenani izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ze-carotene zikhonjiwe. Njenge-chlorophyll, lezi zisiza ama-diatom ukuthi abambe ukukhanya futhi akuguqule kube izinhlanganisela zokudla okuphilayo kwamaseli.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kuma-diatoms
Ama-diatom azalana ngokobulili nangokocansi ngezinqubo ze-mitosis kanye ne-meiosis, ngokulandelana.
Okuphathelene
I-stem cell ngayinye idlula inqubo ye-mitosis. Imikhiqizo ye-mitosis, izakhi zofuzo, i-nucleus, ne-cytoplasm iyaphindaphinda ukuze ikhiqize amaseli amantombazane amabili afana neseli lomzali.
Iseli ngalinye elisanda kwakhiwa lithatha ipheshana ku-stem cell njenge-epithelium yalo bese lisungula noma lenze isibambiso salo. Le nqubo yokuzalanisa ingenzeka izikhathi ezi-1 kuye kweziyi-8 emahoreni angama-24, kuye ngezinhlobo zezilwane.
Njengoba iseli ngalinye lendodakazi lizokwakha i-mortgage entsha, iseli yendodakazi ethola ifa lemali mboleko yendlu evela esitokisini somzali liyoba lincane kuneseli likadadewabo. Njengoba inqubo ye-mitosis iphindaphinda, inani lamangqamuzana endodakazi liyancishiswa kancane kancane libe lincane elizinzile.
Ubulili
Ukukhiqizwa kwamangqamuzana ocansi kuhilela ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-diploid (anamasethi amabili ama-chromosome) abe amaseli e-haploid. Amaseli e-Haploid athwala ingxenye yokwakheka kofuzo kwe-stem cell. Lapho i-diatom yemifino ifinyelela ubukhulu bayo obuncane, ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kuqala ngaphambi kwe-meiosis. Le meiosis ikhiqiza ama-haploid kanye nama-gametes anqunu noma angenamafindo; ama-gametes ayahlangana akhe izinhlamvu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-helper spores.
Izinhlamvu ezisizayo zivumela i-diatom ukuthi ibuyisele ubukhulu obukhulu be-diploid kanye nezinhlobo. Futhi zivumela ama-diatom ukuthi aphile ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo. Lezi zinhlamvu ziqinile futhi zizokhula futhi zakhe amagobolondo azo uma izimo zivuma.
I-Ecology nezimbali
Izindonga zamaseli zama-diatoms zicebile nge-silica, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-silica. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kwayo kunqunyelwe ukutholakala kwale nhlanganisela endaweni yayo ekhulayo.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi microalgae emhlabeni jikelele. Zikhona emanzini amasha nasolwandle, ngisho nasezindaweni lapho inani lamanzi atholakalayo liphansi noma kunezinga elithile lomswakama.
Emizimbeni yamanzi, ikakhulukazi zihlala endaweni ye-pelagic (amanzi avulekile), futhi ezinye izinhlobo zakha imiphakathi futhi zihlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-benthic. Usayizi wezibalo ze-diatom ngokuvamile awunqunyelwe: inani labo liyahlukahluka kakhulu ngezikhathi ezithile. Le periodicity ihlobene nokutholakala kwemisoco futhi incike kwezinye izici zomzimba namakhemikhali njenge-pH, usawoti, umoya nokukhanya.
Lapho izimo zifaneleka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuleni kwama-diatom, kwenzeka into ebizwa ngokuthi ukuqhakaza noma ukuqhakaza.
Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka, inani labantu be-diatom lingabusa isakhiwo somphakathi we-phytoplankton futhi ezinye izinhlobo zibamba iqhaza ekuqhumeni kwe-algal okuyingozi noma ama-red tide.
Ama-diatom angakhiqiza izinto eziyingozi, kuhlanganise ne-domoic acid. Lobu buthi buzonqwabelana ochungechungeni lokudla futhi ekugcineni buthinte abantu. Ubuthi bomuntu bungabangela ukuquleka kanye nezinkinga zenkumbulo, ngisho nokuquleka noma ngisho nokufa. Kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100.000 zama-diatom phakathi kwalezi ezisaphila (izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20.000) nokushabalala (abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200.000). Inani labantu bakhona linikela cishe u-45% wemikhiqizo yasolwandle eyinhloko.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemisebenzi ye-diatom nezici zabo.