Ngaphakathi kweqembu lamafutha ezimbiwa sithola amalahle. Amalahle ngophethiloli ongatholakala emhlabathini ngokunqwabelana kwemfucumfucu yezitshalo. Kubhekwa njengenye yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zokubasa ezisetshenziswa umuntu. Njengamanje, isasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla noma ukuthola ezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa embonini. Kukhona okuhlukile izinhlobo zamalahle kuya ngokusetshenziswa okuzonikezwa
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zamalahle ezahlukahlukene, izici zawo eziyinhloko kanye nokusetshenziswa abanikwa kona.
Amalahle njengophethiloli
Yize kunguhlobo lwamafutha ezimbiwa agcwele umhlaba, ukukhishwa kwayo kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza. Lokhu kwenza ukukhishwa kwabo kube nzima kakhulu njengoba izinqolobane zomhlaba zamalahle sezinciphile. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokusetshenziswa okuphakanyisiwe ukunikeza kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamalahle. Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zinhlobo zamalahle zimele umthombo wamandla onamandla aphezulu okushisa. Lokhu kuyenza ibe ngomunye wamandla okubasa okuhle kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.
Umsuka wayo uvela edwaleni elimnyama le-sedimentary elenziwa njengomkhiqizo wenhlanganisela yamanzi amaningi anezinsalela zezitshalo. Njengoba bekulindelekile, Luhlobo lukaphethiloli oseqenjini lamandla angavuseleleki. Lokhu kwenza ukwakheka kwamalahle kuhamba kancane ngesikhathi kunezinga lokuphela kwalokhu kunikezwe ukukhishwa kwalo. Lokho wukuthi, ijubane lizokwenza ukuthi umuntu asebenzise amalahle futhi izinqolobane zakhe zishesha kakhulu kunejubane lokuvuselelwa okufanayo. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengamandla angavuseleleki futhi kungcolisa kakhulu.
Ekubunjweni kwamalahle sithola inani elikhulu lekhabhoni eliwanikeza lo mandla wamandla wekhalori. Ungamandla kaphethiloli amaningi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ungakwazi ukumba ngezimayini ezikhona emhlabeni wonke.
Umsuka nezimpawu zezinhlobo zamalahle
Ngokokuqala ngqa kwatholakala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-360 edlule ngesikhathi sesigaba esaziwa ngokuthi yisikhathi seCarboniferous. Ngalesi sikhathi ukunyakaza kwamacwecwe ama-tectonic kungcwaba inani elikhulu lamanzi futhi kwavala izilwandle eziningana. Wonke amanzi, udaka nezinye izinto zemvelaphi yezitshalo ziqale ukuba namazinga okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi. Lezi zimo yizo ezidale ukuthi zonke izinto ezihlala phansi zenze ushintsho oluthile ukuze zizenze ikhaboni. Njengoba ungalindela, le nqubo yinto ethatha izigidi zeminyaka. Ngakho-ke, akuyona uphethiloli ongakhiqizwa ngokushesha.
Ngenxa yenqubo ye-photosynthesis eyenzeka ezitshalweni nasezihlahleni, bayakwazi ukugcina amandla nabo ngokwabo. La mandla adedelwa angene emkhathini lapho izihlahla zibola. Kusukela ngesikhathi senqubo ye-photosynthesis kugcinwa inani elikhulu lekhabhoni dayoksayidi, lapho kamuva lo muthi ubola isikhutha esigcinwe ngokukhululekile. Le khabhoni ibuye ibangele ukwakheka kwamalahle emva kokungcwatshwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kungashiwo ukuthi umsuka wamalahle uqhamuka ekuqongeleleni kwezinsalela zezitshalo ezinamandla anqwabelene nokuthi ekuqaleni lezi zinsalela zinokwakheka okuhlukaniswe phakathi kwe-hydrogen, oxygen ne-carbon. Njengoba kunenqubo yokubola kokubola kwesitshalo okubolayo, inani lomoya-mpilo kanye ne-hydrogen umzimba onalo wehlisiwe. Noma kunjalo, inani lekhabhoni lenyukile, elenza likwazi ukushisa futhi lisebenzise njengophethiloli.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukuthi ucabangele imibandela yokwakheka kwamalahle. Yize kunezinhlobo zamalahle ezahlukahlukene, zonke zinomsuka onengcindezi kanye nokushisa okudingekayo lapho kungakheka khona idwala. Ngokuya ngamanani alezi ziguquko, sizoba namalahle ekhwalithi ephezulu noma aphansi. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zeshadi zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi lapho ukubola okukhulu kwezitshalo kwenzeke eminyakeni neminyaka edlule.
Izinhlobo zamalahle
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kuya ngemvelaphi nezici, sethula izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zekhabhoni. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
Peat
Kuyinto ebonakalayo isilinganiso samalahle angama-55%. Kungashiwo ukuthi wuhlobo lwamalahle anenani elincane kakhulu lekhalori elikhona. Ingenye yezinhlobo zokuqala zamalahle ezitholakala ekukhishweni. Umbala uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi unamanzi amaningi. Le peat ingasetshenziselwa nengadi njengomanyolo noma i-substrate.
Uma ukhilimu ukhipha intuthu nomlotha omningi. Ngakho-ke, kubhekwa njengenye yezibaso zekhwalithi ezimbi kakhulu. Kuyisizathu sokuthi isetshenziswe kaningi emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yasendlini kanye nengadi.
I-Lignite
I-lignite itholakala ngemuva kokucindezelwa kwe-peat kodwa ngamaphesenti aphezulu wamalahle. Ngokuqeda amanye amanzi, inani lekhabhoni lenyuswa laya kuma-60-75%. Lokhu kwenza kube uphethiloli obhekwa njengekhwalithi ephakathi. Ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi alusizo. Umbala umnyama futhi ukuthungwa kwawo kumbi futhi kumaholo.
Amalahle
Amalahle uhlobo lukaphethiloli olutholakala ngemuva kokucindezelwa kwe-lignite esigabeni sokuqala. Okuqukethwe yikhabhoni kuphakeme kakhulu ukuba phakathi kuka-75-85%. Ukuthungwa kwayo kunamafutha futhi kunzima ngenkathi umbala wayo umnyama opaque. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zamalahle ezishiwo, zinenani eliphakeme ngokwanele lama-calorific. Ngalesi sizathu, isetshenziselwa izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Phakathi kokunye ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle sithola ukukhiqizwa kwecoke. Lokhu kusetshenziswa iziko lokuqhuma kwezimboni ukuthola ezinye izinto ezifana ne-phenols, ukusinqoba kanye nama-naphthalenes. Amalahle ayaziwa nangokuthi amalahle amatshe.
Izinhlobo zamalahle: i-anthracite
Lolu uhlobo lwamalahle olubhekwa njengolunenani eliphakeme kakhulu lekhalori. Ukwakheka kwalo kuqukethe ama-95% ekhabhoni. Lo mphumela wokwelashwa okwenziwe kumalahle. Umbala wayo umnyama ocwebezelayo futhi unokuthungwa okunzima kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwasekhaya okufana ne- Ukushisa futhi kuyasetshenziswa embonini yokubilisa. Ungomunye wamafutha asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi. Njengoba kubiza kakhulu, kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela ezingambi eqolo njengegesi yemvelo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-anthracite ejulile ukukhiqizwa kwamalahle okupheka. Amalahle adedela imfucuza encane, ngakho-ke kubhekwa njengenhlanzeko.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamalahle.