Ibhethri, elibizwa nangokuthi iseli noma i-accumulator, idivayisi eyakhiwe ngamaseli e-electrochemical engaguqula amandla ekhemikhali angaphakathi kuwo abe amandla kagesi. Ngakho-ke, amabhethri akhiqiza amandla aqondile futhi ngale ndlela ahlinzeka ngamasekethe ahlukene, kuye ngobukhulu bawo namandla. Baningi izinhlobo zamabhethri kuye ngokusetshenziswa abazonikezwa kanye nezici abanazo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri nokuthi yiziphi izici zawo.
Yini ibhethri
Kusukela kwasungulwa ibhethri ngekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nokudayiswa kwalo ngezinga elikhulu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, ibhethri selihlanganiswe ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri kuhambisana nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi. Izilawuli kude, amawashi, amakhompyutha ahlukahlukene, omakhalekhukhwini Futhi izisetshenziswa eziningi zesimanje zisebenzisa amabhethri njengemithombo yamandla, ngakho zinamazinga ahlukene wamandla.
Umthamo wokushaja webhethri unqunywa imvelo yokwakheka kwayo, ngamahora we-ampere (Ah), okusho ukuthi ibhethri linganikeza i-ampere engu-1 yamanje ngamahora alandelanayo. Lapho umthamo wayo wokushaja uphezulu, yilapho ingagcina khona okwamanje.
Okokugcina, umjikelezo wempilo omfushane wamabhethri amaningi okuthengisa uwenza abe ukungcola okunamandla kwamanzi nomhlabathi, ngoba uma umjikelezo wokuphila kwawo usuphelile, awakwazi ukushajwa kabusha noma asetshenziswe kabusha futhi alahlwe. Lapho igobolondo lensimbi seligqwalile, ibhethri izodedela ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali emvelweni futhi iguqule ukwakheka kwayo kanye nenani le-pH.
Ibhethri isebenza kanjani
Ibhethri inebhethri yekhemikhali ene-electrode ephozithivu kanye ne-electrode engeyinhle. Umgomo oyisisekelo webhethri uhlanganisa ukusabela kokunciphisa i-oxidation (redox) kwamakhemikhali athile, elinye lawo elilahlekelwa ama-electron (i-oxidation) kanti elinye lizuza ama-electron (ukunciphisa), okuyinto zingabuyiselwa ekucushweni kwazo kwasekuqaleni ngaphansi kwezimo ezidingekayo.
Ibhethri ihlanganisa ibhethri lamakhemikhali eline-electrode ephozithivu (i-anode) kanye ne-electrode eyinegethivu (i-cathode) kanye ne-electrolyte evumela ukugeleza kwamanje ukuya ngaphandle. Lawa mabhethri aguqula amandla amakhemikhali abe amandla kagesi ngenqubo ekwazi ukuhlehliswa noma engenakuhlehliswa, kuye ngohlobo lwebhethri, uma seliqediwe, lizoqeda amandla awo okuthola amandla. Lapha, izinhlobo ezimbili zamaseli zihlukaniswa:
- Okuyinhloko: lezo ezike zasabela azikwazi ukubuyela esimweni sazo sokuqala, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise ikhono lazo lokugcina lamanje. Abizwa nangokuthi amabhethri angashajwa kabusha.
- izikole eziphakeme: lawo angamukela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi ukuze abuyisele ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali okuqala, futhi angasetshenziswa izikhathi ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuthi aphele amandla. Abizwa nangokuthi amabhethri amashajekayo.
Izinhlobo zebhethri
Amabhethri e-lithium anobuningi bamandla angcono kanye nezinga elingcono lokukhipha. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhethri, kuye ngezingxenye ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, njenge:
- Amabhethri ane-alkaline. Ngokuvamile kanye kuphela. Basebenzisa i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) njenge-electrolyte. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okukhiqiza amandla kwenzeka phakathi kwe-zinc (Zn, anode) ne-manganese dioxide (MnO2, cathode). Amabhethri azinze ngokwedlulele, kodwa anesikhathi esifushane sokuphila.
- Amabhethri e-lead acid. Ivamise ukutholakala ezimotweni nasezithuthuthuni. Amabhethri aphinde ashajwe anama-electrode amabili okuhola lapho eshajwe: i-lead dioxide (PbO2) cathode kanye ne-spongy lead (Pb) anode. I-electrolyte esetshenzisiwe iyisisombululo esinamanzi se-sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ibhethri liphuma, umthofu ufakwa ku-metallic lead (Pb) ngendlela ye-lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4).
- Amabhethri e-nickel. Izindleko ziphansi kakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza kuphansi kakhulu, yizo ezokuqala ezenziwe emlandweni. Ngokulandelayo, bakhiqize amabhethri amasha, afana nalawa:
- I-Nickel-iron (Ni-Fe). Aqukethe amashubhu azacile asongwe emakhasini ensimbi ane-nickel. Kukhona i-nickel (III) i-hydroxide (Ni (OH) 3) ku-positive plate kanye ne-ayoni (Fe) epuletini elinegethivu. I-electrolyte esetshenzisiwe yi-potassium hydroxide (KOH). Nakuba benempilo ende yesevisi, bayekwa ngenxa yokusebenza kwabo okuphansi kanye nezindleko eziphakeme.
- I-Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd). Aqukethe i-cadmium (Cd) anode kanye ne-nickel (III) hydroxide (Ni (OH) 3) cathode ne-potassium hydroxide (KOH) njenge-electrolyte. Lawa mabhethri aphinde ashajwe ngokugcwele, kodwa anomthamo omncane wamandla (ama-50Wh/kg kuphela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yomphumela wayo wenkumbulo ephezulu (umthamo webhethri uyancipha lapho sikhokhisa okungaphelele) kanye nokungcoliswa okukhulu kwe-cadmium, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyancipha.
- I-Nickel-hydride (Ni-MH). Basebenzisa i-nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) njenge-anode ne-metal hydride alloy njenge-cathode. Uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-nickel-cadmium, anomthamo wokushaja ophakeme kanye nomphumela wenkumbulo ophansi, futhi awathinti indawo ezungezile ngoba awanayo i-Cd (engcolisa kakhulu futhi eyingozi). Bangamavulandlela ezimotweni zikagesi ngoba zishajwa ngokugcwele.
- Ibhethri ye-Lithium-ion (Li-ION).. Basebenzisa usawoti we-lithium njenge-electrolyte. Amabhethri asetshenziswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni emincane ye-elekthronikhi efana nomakhalekhukhwini kanye nezinye izinto eziphathwayo. Zigqama ngobuningi bazo obukhulu bamandla, ngaphezu kwalokho, zilula kakhulu, zincane futhi zisebenza kahle, kepha impilo ende ewusizo yiminyaka emithathu. Enye inzuzo yazo umphumela wenkumbulo ophansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingaqhuma lapho zishiswa ngokweqile ngoba izingxenye zazo ziyavutha, ngakho-ke izindleko zazo zokukhiqiza ziphezulu ngoba kufanele zibe nezakhi zokuphepha.
- Ibhethri ye-lithium polymer (LiPo). Ahlukile kwamabhethri e-lithium avamile, anokuminyana kwamandla angcono kanye nezinga elingcono lokuwakhipha, kodwa okubi kwawo ukuthi awakwazi ukusetshenziswa uma ishaji ingaphansi kuka-30%, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ungawavumeli adedelwe ngokuphelele . Zingaphinde zishise futhi ziqhume, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ungalindi isikhathi eside ukuze uhlole ibhethri noma uligcine endaweni ephephile kude nezinto ezivuthayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Amabhethri namabhethri
Emazweni amaningi akhuluma iSpanishi, kusetshenziswa igama elithi ibhethri kuphela. Esimweni esinjalo, amagama ibhethri nebhethri ayafana Futhi bavela ezinsukwini zakuqala lapho abantu besebenzisa ugesi. Iphakethe lebhethri lokuqala lenziwe ngamaphakethe ebhethri noma amapuleti ensimbi ukuze kwandiswe lamanje elinikezwe ekuqaleni, futhi lingahlelwa ngezindlela ezimbili: eyodwa phezu kwenye ukuze yakhe iseli, noma ihlangothi nehlangothi, ngesimo sebhethri. .
Kodwa-ke, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi emazweni amaningi akhuluma iSpanishi kuphela igama elithi ibhethri lisetshenziswa, kanti kwezinye izinto zikagesi, njengama-capacitor, igama elithi accumulators liyathandwa.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo zamabhethri akhona nezici zawo.