Siyazi ukuthi imifula iyimithombo yamanzi ehlala inyakaza njengoba ixhumene neminye imifudlana emikhulu yamanzi njengamachibi, izilwandle nolwandle. Le mifula ikhiqiza imvelo enempilo enothile ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. kwehlukahlukene izingxenye zomfula Kulapho ama-ecosystem ahlukene akhiqizwa kuye ngezimo zemvelo kanye nenani lamanzi ahlanzekile nanyakazayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukukutshela ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye eziyinhloko zomfula nokuthi kubaluleke ngani ngayinye yazo.
izingxenye zomfula
Imifula ingababumbi bobuso bomhlaba, ekwazi ukuthinta kokubili iqonde futhi ivundlile. Ngokwendawo, izingxenye ezintathu zomfula zikhonjwa ngamaphrofayili azo wobude. Noma umfanekiso owumfanekiso womugqa wesiteshi osuka endaweni ophuma kuyo amanzi ukuya echwebeni. Endleleni, ukugeleza komfula kuyehluka kuye ngokugeleza, okunqumayo amandla okuguguleka, ezokuthutha kanye nokuchithwa komfula.
inkambo ephezulu
Umfula ongenhla noma okhuphukayo uyingxenye yomfula lapho uphuma khona (ngokuvamile usezintabeni zomfula), obese ugeleza wehle emthambekeni futhi ubukeke njengesivinini. Lapha kugcwele umthamo omkhulu wokuguguleka nokuthuthwa ngaphezu kwenhlabathi.
Kule ngxenye, ukuguguleka phansi komzila kudala isigodi esimise okwe-V, umhosha noma umhosha lapho amanzi anomoya-mpilo omningi. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zalesi sigaba somfula yilezi: izimpophoma, ama-rapids, izitsha ezinkulu, njll.
Inkambo ephakathi
Ingxenye ephakathi noma indawo emaphakathi yomfula ingxenye yomfula lapho amanzi egeleza khona ngenani eliphansi ukusuka phezulu nomfula. Ibonakala ngokuthi imigudu nemifudlana ebanzi, amamithambeka athambile, nezinto zokuthutha kanye nenhlabathi eningi kunokuguguleka.
Ukwakheka kwezigodi ezibanzi, eziyisicaba ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-alluvial plains noma izikhukhula. Amashaneli angaba anastomotic futhi tortuous. Ngalokhu kuhlelwa, isenzo sokuguguleka samanzi senzeke ezindaweni ezivulekile zejika futhi sihlala ezindaweni zangaphakathi zejika. Njengoba lesi sigodi siguguleka ama-menders, lesi sigodi siba njengomkhombe.
inkambo ephansi
Emgwaqweni ongezansi, amanzi aqoqwe phakathi nomfula akhishwa ezansi nomfula noma emfuleni afinyelele. Umthambeka kanye nesivinini samanzi kuyancishiswa. Ukulahlekelwa amandla okuguguleka, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi nokuthuthwa kwezinto ezinhle kakhulu.
Kulokhu, ukugeleza komfula kuncane kuwo wonke indawo enezikhukhula futhi kuhlala abantu kuphela lapho kuvela izikhukhula. Lezi zithafa eziwudedangendlale ziqoqa izinsalela ezithuthwayo ezihlanganisa imisoco edala indawo evunde kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-"Vegas". La manzi asetshenziselwa izitshalo eziniselwayo, asebenzisa ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi. Banomsebenzi othile wabantu futhi babeka ingozi uma kunezikhukhula noma imifula ekhuphukayo. Kulesi sigaba kuvamile futhi ukushajwa kabusha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, ngezinye izikhathi ngemisele.
Emlonyeni, bangathatha izinhlobo ezimbili:
- I-Delta: inani elikhulu lenhlabathi kanye namanzi ageleza ngesivinini esiphansi. Ngenxa yokunganyakaziswa ogwini, inzika yavala umfula waze wayofika olwandle.
- I-Estuary: ukugeleza kwamanzi anesivinini esikhulu, ukugeleza kwamanzi olwandle ngokushesha, nokusebenza okuphezulu
izici zomfula
Imifula ingachazwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yamanzi ahlanzekile atholakala phakathi kwamabhulokhi ezwekazi ngokugeleza okuningi, okungukuthi, umehluko enanini lamanzi awathuthayo. Imifudlana yesibili noma imifula engena emfuleni omkhulu ibizwa ngokuthi imifula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo okugeleza kuyo umfula omkhulu nemingenela yawo ibizwa ngokuthi umcengezi, futhi umfula ungase futhi uwele eweni wenze impophoma, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi impophoma. Imifula iyimithombo yamanzi yezwekazi eligeleza emiseleni yayo phezu kwezwekazi, ishiya udaka, isihlabathi namadwala amancane kule nqubo.
Imifula cishe ingenye yezindawo eziguquguqukayo kakhulu zamanzi ezaziwa yibo bonke. Okokuqala, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi omfula ahlala enyakaza futhi eguquguquka. Okwesibili, ngoba lokhu kugeleza njalo kusho ukuthi umfula ofanayo uyakwazi ukubona ukugeleza kwawo kushintsha ngokuphelele unyaka wonke, kuye ngemvula, isomiso, njll.
Ezikhathini ezingavamile, imifula ayixhunyiwe komunye umzila omkhulu wamanzi, ngakho iyalahleka phakathi nezwe futhi yome. Nokho, imifula igeleza ezindaweni ezinkulu noma ezincane futhi ekugcineni ixhume olwandle, izilwandle noma amachibi. Ngakho-ke, baphinde bavumele ukuhamba nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo yokuphila okuphucukile.
izinhlobo zemifula
Ngokwesikhathi sabo sokusebenza, ngakho-ke, ukuguquguquka kokugeleza kanye nemvelaphi (kubhekiselwa enanini lamanzi athuthwayo), imifula ingahlukaniswa:
- Imifula engapheli: etholakala ezindaweni ezinemvula eningi noma amanzi angaphansi komhlaba (amanzi angaphansi komhlaba).
- Imifula yesizini: Ngokujwayelekile ama-alpine, ajwayele ukuba yiMedithera, lapho izinkathi zonyaka zihluke kakhulu, kunezikhathi ezimanzi nezomile ezivame kakhulu. Yingakho benokwehla nokwenyuka okuqinile kulolu hlelo.
- imifula edlulayo: Akhiwe ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esiswakeme noma esiwugwadule, aveza ukugeleza okungajwayelekile ngenxa yemvula encane yonyaka, ngakho-ke angahlala omile isikhathi eside futhi aphinde abhekane nezikhukhula ezinodlame ngenxa yeziphepho nezimvula ezinamandla.
- imifula allochthonous: Zigijima ezindaweni ezomile, kodwa amanzi azo aphuma ezindaweni ezinemvula nezinomswakama. Isibonelo: iNayile kanye ne-Okavango (yomibili imifula yase-Afrika).
- Umfula oqondile: Umfula uwumbhede womfula, oyindlala futhi ongazinzile. Zigqama ngokugoba kwazo okuphansi kanye nomqansa, okwenza kube lula inqubo yokudonsa nokuthutha izinto.
- Imifula ye-Anastomosed: ihlukumeza kakhulu, ihlukaniswe yaba imigudu eminingana, efana nemifula eboshiwe, eyakha iziqhingi ezishisayo ezihlala njalo nezizinzile. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ezindaweni ezinemithambeka ephansi futhi ngaleyo ndlela zilawule inqubo yokubeka.
- imifula elukiwe: Anamagatsha noma izingalo, umzila wokuxhuma futhi uwahlukanise, dweba i-braid. Zinemithwalo eqinile eqinile (itshe, isihlabathi, namagaqa) futhi zivamile ezimweni zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
- imifula egelezayo: Kuyimifula ezinzile ejikayo ibe ama-menders futhi usebe lwayo lulawulwa yizinqubo zokuguguleka nokumiswa. Baveza amathafa e-alluvial ahambisana nezinqubo zezikhukhula.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezingxenye zomfula nezici zawo.