Umuntu ubangela ukuwohloka okukhulu emhlabeni ngemisebenzi yezomnotho nangendlela yokuphila esinayo namuhla. Ngenxa yale misebenzi, kukhiqizwa ukungcola okugcina kululaze imvelo yemvelo futhi kubangele ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zezindawo eziphilayo nemvelo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo izimbangela zokungcola nezinhlobo eziningi zokungcola kuya ngemvelaphi kanye nezici zayo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izimbangela eziyinhloko zokungcola nezinhlobo zazo.
Izinhlobo zokungcola
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokwazi ukuthi yini izimbangela, kufanele sazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokwehla kwesithunzi ezikhona:
Okwamanzi: Kungukungcola kwemvelo okuthinta olwandle nemifula. Ihlasela zonke izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kula manzi kanye nemvelo ezungezile. Ukungcoliswa kolwandle kuwumphumela wokwethulwa kwezici zangaphandle zomzimba, zamakhemikhali noma zebhayoloji kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo. Lapho sithela amanzi asuka kwezolimo emifuleni nakweminye imizila yamanzi, ekugcineni igelezela olwandle. La manzi angcoliswe yimithi yokubulala izinambuzane, umanyolo kanye nokubulala ukhula okusetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.
Kusuka emoyeni: Ngolunye uhlobo lokungcola okugcwele kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukwakheka komoya kwamakhemikhali nokwendalo, kuthinta yonke impilo esemhlabeni. Izilwane zithinteka kakhulu.
Phansi: Ngenye yezinhlobo zokungcola kwemvelo esikuthola kaningi. Imvamisa kwenzeka ngenxa yokwethulwa kwamakhemikhali athinta ukuzala kwenhlabathi. Phakathi kwala makhemikhali, sinemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kakhulu, imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane kanye nokubulala ukhula. Izisulu eziyinhloko izitshalo. Yize izilwane nazo zithinteka ngoba zidla izilwane ezidla kule nhlabathi engcolisiwe. Lokhu kungcola kungadlula ochungechungeni lokudla kukhuphule nemiphumela emibi.
Ukungcola kwemisebe: Enye yezinhlobo zamandla ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yinuzi. La mandla akhipha izinto ezinekhono lokukhipha imfucumfucu enemisebe isikhathi eside. Ngoba lezi zinto ezikhipha imisebe zithinta ngqo i-DNA yezinto eziphilayo, okuholela ezizukulwaneni ezahlukahlukene zokukhubazeka nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ziyingozi impela ezintweni eziphilayo.
I-Acoustics: Lolu uhlobo lokungcola olukhiqizwa ngomsindo owedlulele edolobheni. Yimisebenzi yabantu nemisebenzi eyenza umsindo onjalo. Akuthinti ngqo ukusinda kwezinto eziphilayo, kepha kuthinta imikhuba yokondla nokuzala, ukufuduka kanye nenhlalakahle jikelele.
Izimbangela zokungcola
Lapho sesazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezikhona, sizohlaziya ukuthi yiziphi izimbangela zokungcola ngezingxenye.
Izimbangela zokungcola komoya
Imbangela enkulu yokungcola komoya ihlobene nokushiswa kwamafutha ezimbiwa (amalahle, uwoyela negesi yemvelo). Ukushisa kwalezi zinto zokusetshenziswa kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni noma ekusebenzeni emkhakheni wezokuthutha wezimboni kanye nowomgwaqo. Ngaphakathi emkhakheni wezimboni, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamafektri (isibonelo, usimende noma insimbi) nezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi (zikhiqiza uhhafu kagesi osetshenziswa yizwe lethu).
Ukwahlukaniswa kwesibopho sokungcoliswa komoya phakathi komkhakha wezimboni kanye nowezokuthuthwa komgwaqo kusobala ukuthi akulinganiswanga nalokho komkhakha wezokuthutha. Cishe i-80% yokungcola komoya eSpain kungenxa yokugcwala komgwaqo.
ESpain, ezokuthutha zisebenzisa cishe u-40% wamandla (isilinganiso sama-30% emphakathini), uma sibheka umjikelezo ophelele wokukhiqizwa kwezokuthutha, lesi sibalo sizokwenyuka sifike kuma-50%. Uma ucubungula umjikelezo ophelele wezokuthutha, umuntu kufanele angabheki kuphela uphethiloli osetshenziswe yimoto (izindleko zamandla ezinikezwe izibalo ezisemthethweni), kepha futhi nokukhiqizwa kwemoto uqobo, amandla adliwayo enqubeni yokukhiqiza imoto nengqalasizinda, edlula ukusakazwa, kokugcinwa ekugcineni kokuqedwa kwezimoto.
Izimbangela zokungcola kwenhlabathi
Umhlabathi ungangcoliswa yizimbangela zemvelo noma zomuntu. Lapho izenzakalo ezithile zihudula futhi zihlunge izakhi zamakhemikhali zemvelo zingene enhlabathini, inhlabathi nayo ingangcoliswa ngokwemvelo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemvelo kwaleli khemikhali emhlabathini kubanga ukuminyana kwalawa makhemikhali kuphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba inhlabathi ayikwazi ukuhlala ivundile.
Ezinye izibonelo zokungcola kwemvelo ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, imililo, nemvula ene-asidi, ekhiphela ukugcwala kwamagesi ayingozi emkhathini. Lapho imvula yenzeka, amagesi anobuthi azongena ngamaconsi amanzi futhi ekugcineni angene emhlabathini. Lobu buthi bungadala ukuzala kwenhlabathi nekhwalithi yehle.
Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi abantu bayimbangela eyinhloko yokungcola kwenhlabathi. Ngemisebenzi yabantu, sifaka nezingcolisi ezivela emithonjeni yamakhemikhali ziye emvelweni. Isibonelo, ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sisebenzisa imoto, kungcolisa umoya. La magesi ancipha ndawonye namaconsi amanzi, okubangela ukuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa, njenge-carbon dioxide, angene emhlabathini.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo kuzokhipha nokungcola okuthile kwe-nitrogenous okusetshenziswa njengomanyolo wokukhulisa izitshalo. Lezi zimanyolo ze-nitrogen azithinti kuphela inhlabathi nokwakheka kwayo, kodwa futhi zingcolisa amanzi angaphezulu namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Kumele futhi sengeze ama-pesticides asetshenziswa kakhulu, ama-herbicides, kanye ne-hydrocarbon solvents kulezi zingcolisi, okuzoba nomthelela omubi kuyo yonke imvelo.
Izimbangela zokucekelwa phansi kolwandle
Ama-pesticides, ama-herbicides kanye ne-pesticides asetshenziswa kwezolimo ukwenza ngcono isivuno sezitshalo. Lawa makhemikhali ahanjiswa olwandle ngokuhlungwa nangamanzi omfula. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukuncipha komoya-mpilo oncibilika emanzini futhi unganqwabelana ezicutshini zezinto eziphilayo.
Izinto zokuhlanza esizisebenzisa emishinini yokuwasha nazo zidala ukungcoliswa kolwandle. Lapho la manzi ekhishelwa endaweni engokwemvelo, kukhiqizwa umsoco omningi ngokweqile. Lokhu okweqile kwezakhamzimba kwaziwa njenge-eutrophication. Basuke ngokuyinhloko yakhiwa nitrogen ne-phosphorus.
Okokugcina, sinokuchitheka kukaphethiloli okufana nowoyela nokuwohloka kwemvelo ngenxa yokukhishwa kwendle eluhlaza.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezimbangela zokungcola.