Amangqamuzana ezilwane ayizakhiwo zezilwane. Iyingqamuzana le-eukaryotic, njengengqamuzana lesitshalo, okusho ukuthi inenucleus, ulwelwesi lweplasma, kanye necytoplasm. Abantu abaningi abazi kahle ukwakheka kwe iseli lesilwane kanye nomsebenzi wayo.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukubaluleka kwengqamuzana lesilwane, izici zayo kanye nokwakheka.
Izici zeseli lesilwane
- Amangqamuzana e-eukaryotic, okungukuthi, okuqukethwe kwawo kofuzo kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo solwelwesi olubizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus.
- Zinomumo nobukhulu obuguquguqukayo.
- Ngokungafani namaseli ezitshalo, abanazo izindonga zamangqamuzana.
- Ama-organelles awo ama-membrane angaphakathi kwamaseli anemisebenzi ethile.
- Anama-centrioles, ama-centrosomes, nama-lysosomes, awekho kumaseli ezitshalo.
- Ukudla kwabo bathola ngaphandle.
isakhiwo seseli yezilwane
Amaseli ezilwane ngokuyisisekelo akhiwa ulwelwesi lwe-plasma, i-nucleus ne-cytoplasm. Okulandelayo, sizochaza ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.
Ulwelwesi lwe-Plasma
I-membrane ye-plasma iyingqimba yangaphandle yeseli, lapho isungula khona ukuxhumana nemvelo yangaphandle. Iqukethe amashidi amabili e-lipid noma ama-lipid bilayers kanye nephrotheni ye-membrane. I-lipids eningi kakhulu i-phospholipids ne-cholesterol.
Amaprotheni avumela izinhlanganisela ezivela ngaphandle kweseli ukuthi zingene kuseli futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Kukhona futhi amaprotheni e-membrane abizwa ngokuthi ama-receptors. Zibona izinhlanganisela ezingaphandle kweseli futhi zenze kusebenze amasiginali we-intracellular acupha izimpendulo ezithile.
Imisebenzi ye-plasma membrane ihlanganisa:
- Ukulawulwa kokuthuthwa kwezinto: amanzi nama-ion (njenge-sodium, i-chloride, ne-potassium), ama-molecule ephilayo (njengamahomoni), namagesi (afana nomoya-mpilo nesikhutha), kanye
- bona izinto zangaphandle ngokusebenzisa ama-receptors ukuthumela amasignali esitokisini.
i-nucleus ne-nucleus
I-nucleus iyingxenye yengqamuzana egcina ukwaziswa kofuzo kuyi-deoxyribonucleic acid noma i-DNA. Ihlukaniswa ulwelwesi lwenuzi, okuwulwelwesi olunezendlalelo ezimbili olunezimbobo, noma izimbotshana zenuzi, lapho inhlanganisela ingena futhi iphume. Uketshezi lwangaphakathi okuntanta kulo izakhi zenuzi yi-nucleoplasm.
I-nucleus iyisikhungo sokulawula nokuzala kweseli. I-DNA ibopha amaprotheni futhi yakhe i-chromatin. Ulwazi mayelana nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana luvela ku-DNA.
Ku-nucleus kunesifunda lapho kugxilwe khona i-chromatin ne-ribonucleic acid (RNA). Lesi sifunda, esibizwa ngokuthi i-nucleolus, siyisikhungo sokukhiqiza i-ribosome.
I-Cytoplasm
I-cytoplasm iyindawo efana ne-hydrogel lapho imisebenzi eminingi yamaselula yenzeka khona.. Yakhiwe ngamanzi, usawoti, ama-ion namaprotheni, futhi imele cishe u-70% wevolumu yeseli.
Futhi kuyi-cytoplasm kunemicu eyakha i-cytoskeleton, uhlaka olunikeza ingqamuzana ukuma kwalo.
isilwane cell organelles
Amaseli ezilwane abonisa ama-organelles ahlukene nezakhiwo ukuze afeze imisebenzi ehlukene.
I-Ribosome
I-ribosome ingenye yama-organelle angewona ama-membrane. Yakhiwe ngamaprotheni ne-RNA futhi yakhiwe ku-nucleolus ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus yeseli. Inezingxenye ezimbili noma amayunithi amancane: iyunithi encane enkulu noma ama-60S kanye neyunithi encane noma ama-40S.
Ama-Ribosomes ayizimboni ezinkulu zokukhiqiza amaprotheni futhi phakathi kwama-RNA ezithunywa ezincane, ama-RNA okudlulisa nama-amino acid ahlanganiswe ukuze akhe amaketanga e-polypeptide.
I-endoplasmic reticulum
I-endoplasmic reticulum iyisistimu ye-membrane eyakhiwe ngamasaka nama-vesicle ancikene ne-nucleus. Indawo engaphakathi noma emaphakathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-lumen. I-reticulum ye-endoplasmic enzima ithola igama layo ebukhoneni be-ribosomes endaweni yayo yangaphandle. Umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko ukuhlanganiswa nokupakishwa kwamaprotheni.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-lipid ye-Membrane kwenzeka ku-reticulum ye-endoplasmic ebushelelezi. Emangqamuzaneni emisipha kukhona i-endoplasmic reticulum ebushelelezi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-sarcoplasmic reticulum, lapho kugcinwa khona i-calcium, edingekayo ukuze kufinyezwe imisipha.
Izinsiza zeGolgi
Izinto ezikhiqizwe ku-endoplasmic reticulum ziyahlelwa futhi zipakishwe ku-apparatus ye-Golgi. Ama-vesicles asuka ku-endoplasmic reticulum fuse endizeni ye-cis yezinto zokusebenza ze-Golgi futhi afake izinto zawo ezithuthiwe lapho.
Amaprotheni nama-lipids ayashintshwa noma "alungisiwe" ku-lumen ye-Golgi apparatus, ngale ndlela ahlonzwa, ahlukaniswe futhi ahanjiswe lapho aya khona. Aphuma ngengxenye ephambanayo yempahla ye-Golgi evalelwe ama-vesicles ayimfihlo.
Mitochondria
I-Mitochondria ama-organelles anesibopho sokukhiqiza amandla kumaseli ezilwane asuka ku-glucose namanye ama-molecule. Amandla amakhemikhali amaseli asesimweni se-adenosine triphosphate noma i-ATP.
I-Mitochondria iqukethe ulwelwesi olubili: ulwelwesi lwangaphakathi nolwelwesi lwangaphandle. I-membrane yangaphakathi igoqa ngaphakathi ukuze yakhe i-mitochondrial cristae. I-Mitochondria ine-DNA yayo kanye nama-ribosomes okuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni athile. Angase avele kumabhaktheriya ane-phagocytosed ngamaseli e-eukaryotic.
i-centrosome
I-centrosome iyisifunda samangqamuzana ezilwane akhiqiza ama-microtubules. Ikhona ku-cytoplasm eduze kwe-nucleus. Ama-Centrioles, atholakala kuphela kumaseli ezilwane, akhiwa lapha.
I-centriole inesimo se-cylindrical futhi iqukethe ama-microtubule triplets ayisishiyagalolunye, okungukuthi, amaqembu ayisishiyagalolunye ama-microtubules amathathu.
I-Lysosome
Ama-Lysosomes ama-vesicles noma amasaka e-membrane akhiqizwa ku-apparatus ye-Golgi.. Zingenye yezimpawu ze-organelles zamangqamuzana ezilwane njengoba zingekho kumaseli ezitshalo. Aqukethe izinhlanganisela ezehlisa noma ezigaya izinto ezahlukahlukene.
I-Lysosomes ama-enzyme asebenza ezindaweni ezine-acidic futhi aphule amaprotheni, ama-nucleic acid, ama-polysaccharides, nama-lipids angasadingeki ngamaseli. I-Lysosomes kungathiwa "i-doti" processors kumaseli.
Lapho ama-lysosomes esebenza, amangqamuzana angasebenzisa kabusha ama-amino acid, ama-nucleotide, nezinye izakhi ukuze akhe izinto ezintsha zamangqamuzana. Ama-Lysosomes nawo abandakanyeka ekubhubhiseni abahlaseli, ikakhulukazi amangqamuzana amasosha omzimba, anesibopho sokuvikela umzimba.
i-peroxisome
Ama-peroxisomes angama-vesicle ane-membrane eyodwa, okungukuthi, anongqimba olulodwa lwe-lipid. Igama layo libangelwa ukukhiqizwa kwalokho esikwazi ngokuvamile ngokuthi i-hydrogen peroxide noma i-hydrogen peroxide.
Lawa ma-organelles abalulekile ekususeni ubuthi obungaphakathi kwe-intracellular kanye nama-oxidized fatty acids. Ama-hepatocyte acebile ikakhulukazi kuma-peroxisomes.
i-flagella ne-cilia
i-flagella ziyizakhiwo ezincane ezinjengesiswebhu ezilele ngaphandle kolwelwesi lwe-plasma. Avumela ukunyakaza kwamangqamuzana athile, njengesidoda kanye ne-protozoa ethile. I-Cilia yizakhiwo ezimfishane, ezifana nezinwele ezibuye zisetshenziselwe ukuhambisa amaseli noma ukukhipha izinto kumaseli, njengasemigudwini yomoya.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nengqamuzana lesilwane nezici zalo.