Enye yesayensi ethathwa njengendala kunazo zonke ekhona futhi ebhekwa njengelinye lamagatsha ngaphakathi kwe-biology yi imvelo. Kusukela umuntu aqale ukubuka imvelo ukubheka izitshalo ze-lacquer ukuthi azondle, azingele noma athole izindawo zokuhlala futhi enezinsizakusebenza ezidingekayo, imvelo yaqala ukuba khona. Kamuva, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo sokuthola nokufunda kabanzi ngeplanethi yethu, kwaba yisayensi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini imvelo, izici zayo eziyinhloko nomehluko phakathi kwemvelo kanye nemvelo.
Yini i-ecology
Yisayensi efunda ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nemvelo ezihlala kuyo. Kungafingqwa kulo mqondo. Noma kunjalo, ingenye yamagatsha esayensi anzima kakhulu futhi aphelele. Incazelo yemvelo ingaba lula kepha into yokufunda iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngamanye amagama, ihlose ukutadisha ukuthi imvelo ikuthinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwayo, ubuningi, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, indlela yokuziphatha nakho konke ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nokulungiswa okungadalwa emvelweni.
Njengoba ungalindela, zonke lezi zinhloso zokufunda ziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba zinamandla amakhulu. Ukuzinza kule miqondo kuyinto engaqondakali. Asikwazi ukubhala ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha kwemvelo. Amaleveli okufundwa kwemvelo ayahluka ku: izinto eziphilayo, imiphakathi kanye nemiphakathi yabantu yilokho okwakha imvelo. Kunamagatsha athile abuye agxile esifundweni se-biosphere jikelele.
Ngokungafani namanye amagatsha e-biology ahlobene ngqo nezakhi zofuzo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-physiology kanye ne-ecology, phakathi kokunye, sinemvelo njengesiyalo esiphakathi. Futhi yisayensi eyehlukile kokunye kusukela indlela egxile kuyo izinga lokuzalwa, ukufa, ukuthuthela kwamanye amazwe nokuthi kuthinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo, inani labantu kanye nokuvela kwemiphakathi.
Abaphenyi bale sayensi
Umcwaningi wokuqala owayene-ecology kwakunguHaeckel ngo-1869. Ezinye zezazi zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wonke zikhona URamón Margalef no-Eugene P. Odum. Labososayensi babhekwa njengoBaba be-ecology yanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuba i-ecology ibe nendawo yayo, kwakukhona abanye be-naturists abafaka isandla ekutholeni nasekuqapheliseni okukhulu. Abanye babo kwakungu-Count of Buffon, Alexander von Humboldt, Darwin, Lamarck ...
Umlando wonke wemvelo ugcwele izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ebezilokhu zichaza indlela umhlaba osebenza ngayo. Ngezinhloso ezisebenzayo, singasho ukuthi imvelo izofuna ukuchaza ukusebenza okuphelele kwayo yonke imvelo.
Umehluko phakathi kwemvelo kanye nemvelo
Esinye sezici eziyisisekelo esivame ukudideka emphakathini wanamuhla yi-ecology kanye nemvelo. Umnyakazo wezemvelo ungaphezulu kwefilosofi yokuphila kunesayensi. Lokhu kudideka okuqhubekayo okukhona kwabezindaba nolimi lwansuku zonke kudala izinkinga ezithile ekuxhumaneni ngokwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi kucace ukuthi iyini imvelo nokuthi ifunda njengesayensi nokuthi ayibandakanyi noma yini kanye ne-biology kepha isuselwa kunqubo yesayensi.
Kukhona ezinye isayensi ukuthi zibalulekile esifundweni semvelo njengoba kunjalo nange-edaphology. Yisayensi ehlola izimo zenhlabathi nezici zayo ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi ngamandla okukhula kwezitshalo nezilwane. Isimo sezulu sisiza ukwazi ukwabiwa kwamazinga okushisa nemvula ukuqonda kangcono isimo sezulu sendawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imvelo nayo idinga isayensi efana nezibalo nezibalo ukuze ikwazi ukudala amamodeli wokuziphatha kwemiphakathi kanye nabantu.
Konke lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-ecology yisayensi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu okumele inakekelwe ngamanye amasayensi ukuze inikeze izincazelo. Kodwa-ke, ezemvelo ngumqondo ocatshangelwe ngenhlonipho noma ngemvelo, i- ukuncishiswa komthelela kwezemvelo okhiqizwa yimisebenzi eyehlisa isithunzi, njll. Kuyinhlangano efuna ukunciphisa imithelela yabantu ku-ecosystem. Iphinde ihlose ukuvikela imithombo yemvelo ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zikwazi ukusizakala ngezinsizakusebenza njengoba sizazi namuhla.
Yini izifundo zemvelo
I-ecology yisayensi efunda ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo nemvelo ebonakalayo lapho zihlala khona. Iphinde icwaninge khona kanye ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Singasho ukuthi endaweni lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo zezilwane sihlukanisa izinto zomzimba nezici zebhayoloji. Izici zomzimba yilezo ezifana nokushisa, ukukhanya kwelanga, umswakama, njll. Izici zebhayoloji ubuhlobo nezinye izinhlobo ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Isibonelo, singakhomba njengesici semvelo ebuhlotsheni obukhona phakathi kwezidalwa eziphrintiwe.
Ukuhwebelana kokugeleza kwamandla nodaba kuzinto eziphilayo nakho kuyinjongo yocwaningo lwemvelo. Ezinye izinto ezifundwa yimvelo imijikelezo ye-biogeochemical, amaketanga e-trophic noma ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kohlelo lwezinto eziphilayo. Zonke lezi zinhloso zihlanganiswa emazingeni ehlukene okutadisha. Ake sihlaziye ukuthi ziyini:
- Izinga lomzimba: i-ecology ifunda ukuthi abantu bathinteka kanjani yimvelo ebonakalayo kanye ne-biotic.
- Ezingeni labantu: i-ecology igxile ebukhoneni noma ekungabikho kwezinhlobo ezithile. Iphinde ihlaziye ubuningi nokuswela nokuthi inani labantu bohlobo oluthile luguquka kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngalokhu udinga amamodeli wezibalo nezibalo.
- Ezingeni lomphakathi: ifunda ukwakheka nokwakheka kwemiphakathi nokusebenza okufanayo. Okuguqukayo njengokufuduswa kwamandla ngokugeleza, umnikelo wezakhamzimba kanye neminye imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emiphakathini kukhonjisiwe lapha. Imiphakathi ingafundelwa ngokubuka abantu nokusebenzisa izici zabo ezingeni lokunethezeka.
Kungashiwo ukuthi imvelo ivela njengesayensi eyisisekelo ukuzama ukubikezela izinguquko emvelweni. Eziningi zalezi zinguquko zihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini imvelo nokubaluleka kwayo.