Emhlabeni wethu kunezinhlobo eziningi zemvelo, noma ngabe zasemanzini, zasemhlabeni noma zasemoyeni. I- imvelo yasemhlabeni yindawo lapho kuhlangana khona zombili izinto eziphilayo nezokuphilayo. I-substrate eyinhloko lapho impilo ikhula khona umhlaba ovelile. Isici esiyinhloko semvelo okumele sithuthukiswe ngumhlabathi njengokwesekwa ngokomzimba. Nakhu ukudla nendawo okuhlala kuyo okudingwa yizinhlobo ukuze ziphile futhi kukhiqize uchungechunge lokudla.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, ukusebenza nokubaluleka kwemvelo yasemhlabeni.
Izici zemvelo yasemhlabeni
Indawo evulekile ibeka uchungechunge lwezici kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezithile zokuzivumelanisa nezinto eziphilayo. Ikakhulu ngoba imvelo yasemhlabeni ithinteka ngqo yisimo sezulu.
Izinguquko ezinkulu zingenxa yezici ezifana nokushisa, imiphumela yeziphepho nomswakama uyashintsha. Konke lokhu kwenza ukuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo kubonakale ngokwengeziwe kule ndawo. Izidalwa eziphilayo emvelweni womhlaba zikhula endaweni enomoya. Inobuningi obuphansi, obuthinteka ekushintsheni okuqinile kwezinga lokushisa nezimo zezulu, futhi ilawula ukuguquguquka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo ziyakhula kusukela ekuveleni kwezingxenye zomhlaba, okudala izimo ezikhethekile zokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, inhlabathi futhi imele ukunikezwa kwamanzi nezakhi zomkhiqizi oyinhloko futhi yakha imvelo ethile yayo.
Indawo evulekile ithintwa yisimo sezulu sasemkhathini, okungukuthi, izinguquko ezintweni nasezintweni ezifana nokushisa, imvula nomoya. Isimo sezulu sihluka kakhulu ngesikhathi, ubude nokuphakama phakathi nonyaka, okuholela ekwahlukaneni kwenhlanganisela ethile yezemvelo.
Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukwehlukahlukana kwezinhlobo zezilwane ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Impilo yavela olwandle, ngakho-ke izinto eziphilayo kumele zenze amasu ahlukahlukene okuzivumelanisa nendawo evulekile yendawo.
Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukwehlukahlukana kwezinhlobo zezilwane ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zezindawo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Impilo yavela olwandle, ngakho-ke izinto eziphilayo kumele athuthukise amasu ahlukahlukene okuzivumelanisa nendawo evulekile. Endabeni yezitshalo njengabakhiqizi abakhulu, baba nezicubu zemishini ezazivumela ukuthi zime ziqonde.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi emhlabeni, umkhathi awukuhlinzeki ngosizo olunikezwa ngamanzi ukuze luhlale luqondile. Babuye basungula ama-radicals mahhala kanye nezinhlelo zokuhambisa amanzi ukuthola nokuhambisa amanzi namaminerali.
Ngokufanayo, kunohlelo lokushintshaniswa kwegesi ngamaqabunga. Uma kukhulunywa ngezilwane, thuthukisa izinhlelo zokuphefumula kusuka ezinhlelweni zokunyakaza zomoya nomoya.
Izinhlobo zezinto eziphila emhlabeni
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesimo sezulu esikhona nezitshalo nezilwane ezikhulayo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo yasemhlabeni. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi okuyizona eziphambili:
I-Tundra
Le biome iyikhaya lezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba ezisendaweni esenyakatho yomhlaba noma kwezinye izifunda eziseningizimu. Izimo zezulu zimbi kakhulu, nge amazinga okushisa asondele noma angaphansi kuka-0ºC esikhathini esiningi sonyaka, futhi kunenhlabathi efriziwe unomphela.
Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okukhula kwezimila, okuphenduka kube ubulembu, ubulembu nezinye izinhlobo ze-herbaceous.
ehlathini
Eningizimu ye-tundra, imvelo ikhula emahlathini e-coniferous noma e-boreal. Lawa ngamahlathi amakhulu e-coniferous anokungafani kokwehluka kwesakhiwo. Izilwane zihluke kakhulu kune-tundra, nezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo ezinjenge-reindeer, izimpisi, amabhere kanye ne-elk.
Ihlathi elipholile
Ama-latitude akude nezigxobo ayizinhlobo zezindawo eziphila emahlathini ezipholile. Lokhu kufaka amahlathi aphakathi nendawo ahlanzekile, amahlathi e-coniferous, amahlathi ahlanganisiwe namahlathi aseMedithera. Lesi sakamuva sitholakala ezimeni zezulu ezikhetheke kakhulu futhi sithinteka olwandle, somile futhi siyashisa ehlobo futhi sipholile ebusika. Amahlathi aseMedithera atholakala ogwini lwasePacific kuphela olwandle lwaseMedithera, eCalifornia naseChile.
Kuyenzeka futhi eNingizimu Afrika naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia. Amahlathi aphakathi nendawo asatshalaliswa asakazwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Izinhlobo zezitshalo zifaka i-oki, i-birch, ne-beech. AmaConifers afaka uphayini, umsedari, umsayipuresi, umsayipuresi nomjunipha. Yize izilwane zihlala kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi njengezimpisi, amabhere nezinyamazane.
Isimo semvelo sasemhlabeni: i-steppe
Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zikhula endaweni eyisicaba enesimo sezulu esibandayo nesomile, phakathi kwamahlathi e-coniferous noma amahlathi abolile kanye namahlathi apholile. Zibonakala ngokuba yizinhlobo ezivelele zotshani nomhlanga kanye nezihlahlana ezimbalwa.
Zisatshalaliswa ezwenikazi lase-Eurasia, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithile zaseSiberia naseSouthern Cone yaseNingizimu Melika. Phakathi kwalezi zinto eziphilayo e-Eurasia, kukhona amahhashi asendle aseMongolia noma amahhashi asendle asePrzewalski nama-saiga antelopes.
Ihlathi lemvula
Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalesi sitho semvelo, i-ecosystem inokuhlukahluka okukhulu kakhulu, kunamahlathi ashisayo ashubile namahlathi omile endaweni yayo yemvelo. Ihlathi elinomswakama lihlanganisa amahlathi asezintabeni anamafu noma anamafu namahlathi emvula afudumele.
Ngokucabangela kuphela amahlathi emvula athile, njengehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, lapho ukwehluka kwemvelo kungabonakala. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-várzea noma imifula yamanzi amhlophe, imvelo yehlathi ecwilisiwe, imifula yamanzi amnyama kanye namahlathi esihlabathi esimhlophe noma amahlathi acwilisiwe.
I-Moor kanye ne-savanna
Ama-páramos yizindawo ezishisayo zase-alpine shrub zemvelo zaseMelika nase-Afrika, ezithuthukiswe kakhulu e-Andes, eziphakathi kwamamitha ayi-3.800 XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle kanye nomkhawulo weqhwa elihlala njalo. Zibonakala ngokuba nezihlahla eziphansi neziphakathi futhi Bacebile ezinhlotsheni ezinjengezitshalo ezihlanganisiwe, ama-rhododendrons, nemidumba. Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezisezingeni eliphakeme lapha, ezihlukile kulezi zifunda.
Kunemvelo eminingana esatshalaliswa e-savanna, kanti i-matrix eyisisekelo ithafa elimbozwe kakhulu ngotshani. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ze-savanna, kufaka phakathi i-savanna engenamapulangwe kanye ne-savanna enezihlahla. Kamuva, uhlelo lwezemvelo luyehluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezihlahla ezivelele, mhlawumbe izihlahla zesundu. Kuyisici semvelo sesavana lase-Afrika.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngokuthi iyini imvelo yasemhlabeni nezimpawu zayo.