Ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi, imfucumfucu enemisebe umphumela wokuqhekeka kwenuzi kuziphenduli. Lezi zimfucumfucu zingadala inkinga enkulu yokungcola kwemvelo uma unikezwe ubuthi obukhulu kanye nesikhathi sabo sokubola eside. Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphatha imfucumfucu enemisebe yokwehlisa umthelela kwezemvelo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nemfucumfucu enemisebe, izici zayo nokuphathwa kwayo kwemvelo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Imfucumfucu enemisebe ibhekwa njenganoma iyiphi impahla noma imfucuza, okungeke kusetshenziselwe yona, equkethe noma engcoliswe ngama-radionuclides ekugxileni noma emazingeni omsebenzi aphezulu kunalawo asungulwe nguMnyango Wezimboni Namandla, ngemuva kombiko omuhle ovela kuNyukliya Umkhandlu Wezokuphepha. Kunemigomo ethile yokukwazi ukuhlukanisa imfucumfucu enemisebe, ngokuya ngezici zayo nangomsuka wayo. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi lezi zindlela:
- Isimo somzimba. Ngenxa yesimo sayo somzimba, imfucuza ihlukaniswa njengeqinile, engamanzi negesi. Njengoba imfucumfucu enemisebe iphathwa noma ilawulwa ngendlela eyehlukile kuye ngokuthi iqinile, iyamanzi noma inegesi, lo mthetho ubaluleke kakhulu.
- Uhlobo lwemisebe ekhishiwe. Ama-radionuclides aqukethe imfucumfucu enemisebe engabola ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuholela ekushayweni kwezinhlayiya noma imisebe ehlukahlukene. Ngokwalo mbono, imfucumfucu enemisebe ehlukaniswayo ihlukaniswa ibe yi-α, β ne-γ emissions. Njengoba uhlobo ngalunye lwemisebe luthintana nodaba ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, lubonisa ubude bokungena obuhlukile noma ubude obufanayo, lufinyelela kulokho okukhanyiselwa ngemisebe, indinganiso inquma umgoqo wokuvikela, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, kanye nezimo zokuvezwa ngemisebe okujwayelekile. Endaweni yokugcina.
- Ukuphila okungaphelele: Ngokuya ngengxenye yempilo yama-radionuclides aqukethwe kudoti (noma isikhathi ngemuva kwalokho i-radioactivity iba uhhafu), kungahlukaniswa imfucumfucu ehlala isikhathi esifushane neyaphila isikhathi eside.
- Umsebenzi othile: lo mbandela unquma izinkinga zokuvikelwa zesikhashana, ngoba izinga lomsebenzi wezimo zemfucuza ukuvikela ngesikhathi sokuphatha nokuthutha okujwayelekile.
- I-Radiotoxicity: I-Radiotoxicity impahla yemfucumfucu enemisebe echaza ubungozi bayo ngombono webhayoloji.
Ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu ngemisebe
Imfucumfucu yenuzi ingaphezu kuka-90% we-uranium. Ngakho-ke, uphethiloli osetshenzisiwe (udoti) usaqukethe u-90% kaphethiloli osetshenziswayo. Ingalashwa ngamakhemikhali bese ifakwa kusiphenduli esisheshayo esithuthukile (esingakenziwa ezingeni elikhulu) ukumisa umjikelezo kaphethiloli. Umjikelezo kaphethiloli ovaliwe usho imfucumfucu encane yenuzi namandla amaningi akhishwe kwi-ore eluhlaza.
Izinsalela zemisebe ehlala isikhathi eside kunayo yonke kumfucumfucu yenuzi ngama-nuclide angasetshenziswa njengophethiloli: izinto zochungechunge lwe-p ne-sub-act series. Uma lezi zinto zishiswa njengophethiloli ngokusebenzisa kabusha, imfucumfucu yenuzi izohlala ikhipha imisebe iminyaka eyikhulu ambalwa esikhundleni samakhulu ezinkulungwane. Lokhu kuyinciphisa kakhulu inkinga yokugcina isikhathi eside.
Uma konke ukusetshenziswa kukagesi e-United States kwabiwa ngokulinganayo kubantu bakhona futhi yonke into ivela kumandla enuzi, inani lemfucumfucu yenuzi umuntu ngamunye azolikhiqiza unyaka ngamunye lizoba ngama-39,5 gram. Uma sithola wonke ugesi kumalahle nasagesi yemvelo, sikhipha ngaphezu kwe-10,000 kg ye-carbon dioxide unyaka ngamunye umuntu ngamunye.
Lapho kugcinwa khona imfucumfucu enemisebe
Ukugcinwa nokuphathwa kwemfucumfucu enemisebe kuveza izinselelo ezimbalwa. Futhi ukuthi kufanele uthole indlela yokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo futhi ugweme noma iyiphi inhlekelele. Indlela esetshenzisiwe lapho kumayelana nokuqeda imfucumfucu enemisebe engcwabeni ukuyimbela phansi ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Noma kunjalo, le nqubo ayilula njengoba izwakala.
Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu esezingeni eliphezulu kudinga ukujula okukhulu impela ngoba le mfucuza ingaba yingozi kakhulu. Kunezindawo eziningana ezaziwayo zokulahla imfucumfucu enemfucumfucu emhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo, abaseSweden banesikhungo e-Oskarshamn esinendawo yokugcina imfucumfucu yesikhathi eside engaphezu kwengu-100.000.
Izwe laseMelika belinomsebenzi oqhubekayo weminyaka eminingi obizwa ngeYucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository eNevada, kodwa abaphathi baka-Obama bagcina bewuqedile ngo-2011. Njengamanje kunamathani emethrikhi angaphezu kuka-50.000 XNUMX kaphethiloli wenuzi isetshenziswa kuphela e-United States. Le mali iyanqwabelana futhi abaningi bazama ukwenza izinketho ezahlukahlukene ukuze bakwazi ukubhekana nale nsila. Abanye bacabanga ngokudubula yonke imfucumfucu enemisebe emkhathini, bayigqibe emanzini ajulile, banikeze yonke imfucumfucu eqhweni nasezinhlotsheni zonke zezindawo ze-geological.
Ukuvuselela kabusha nokusebenzisa kabusha
Njengoba ubungalindela, lokhu kuyagwenywa njengoba ososayensi besebenzela ukuxazulula inkinga yemfucuza ngokuvuselela kabusha nokusebenzisa kabusha imfucuza. Uma lezi zifundo nophenyo lungaphumelela, inani lemfucumfucu enemisebe engancishiswa lingancishiswa ekhiqizwa yizo zonke izikhungo zamandla enuzi kuze kufike kuma-90%.
Lapho u-5% we-uranium esezindongeni zenuzi isisebenzile, yonke induku kaphethiloli ingcoliswa yiplutonium neminye imikhiqizo eyenzeka kufission yenuzi. Le migoqo esetshenzisiwe iyasebenza ukukhiqiza ugesi, ngakho-ke kufanele iphathwe njengodoti. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha imfucumfucu enemisebe equkethe ukukhipha izinto ezisebenzisekayo ezisalele ukukhiqizwa kwamandla. Inhloso yalobu buchwepheshe ukuvala kahle umjikelezo wephethiloli wenuzi.
Kodwa-ke, kunezinkinga eziningana ezihlobene nokuvuselelwa nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucumfucu yenuzi. Phakathi kwezinkinga lokhu okubandakanya, okubaluleke kakhulu izindleko nezimpikiswano zokuthi lezi zindlela ziyazuzisa yini imvelo. Njengamanje kwamanye amazwe ukwenziwa kabusha kwemfucumfucu yenuzi akuvunyelwe.
Siyazi ukuthi amandla enuzi awakhiqizi amagesi abamba ukushisa, imfucuza ehlala imisebe iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100.000. Lokhu kubonisa inkinga esabekayo kubantu nakwimvelo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngemfucumfucu enemisebe kanye nezici zayo.