Amanzi ayinto okumele siyiphile nokuthi kube khona ukuphila emhlabeni njengoba sazi namuhla. I- i-molecule yamanzi Iqukethe ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ne-athomu elilodwa le-oxygen elihlanganiswe yisibopho se-covalent. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen kanye ne-oksijeni eyodwa babumbene ngenxa yokuthi babelana ngama-electron phakathi kwabo. Ifomula ye-molecule yamanzi yi-H2O. Kunezici eziningi ezinamamolekyu wamanzi futhi kungenxa yokuthi kunezinqubo eziningi eziholela ekukhuleni kwempilo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-molecule yamanzi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemolekyuli yamanzi
Uma sihlaziya le molekyuli singabona ukuthi i-engeli yokunamathiselwe kwesibopho esihlanganayo phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-oxygen kusuka kuma-degree ayi-104.5. Lokhu kungatholakala ngokuhlaziywa kwe-spectroscopic ne-X-ray. Ibanga elijwayelekile phakathi kwe-athomu ye-hydrogen ne-oxygen yi ka-96.5 pm noma, yini efanayo, 9.65 • 10-8 millimeters.
Lawa mabanga awakwazi ukuqhathaniswa nanoma yini iso lomuntu elingayibona. Ukuhlelwa kwama-electron ku-molecule yamanzi yilokho okuxhumanisa i-asymmetry kagesi ngoba kunezinga elihlukile lokuphakanyiswa kwamandla phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-oxygen. Sibiza ukungakhethi kwamandla ku ikhono le-athomu lokuheha ama-electron abiwe ngesibopho esihlangene. Siyakhumbula ukuthi isibopho esihlanganayo yiso esisungulwa phakathi kwama-athomu amabili okungewona awensimbi.
Njengoba i-oxygen ine-electronegativity eyengeziwe kune-hydrogen, ama-electron maningi amathuba okuthi abe seduze ne-athomu ye-oxygen kune-hydrogen. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-electron akhokhiswa kabi. Iqiniso lokuthi ama-electron aya ikakhulu kuma-athomu oksijini enza ukuthi i-athomu ye-hydrogen ibe nokushaja okuthile okuhle. Le nkokhiso ibizwa ngokuthi inkokhelo enhle engaphelele. Lokho oksijini kubizwa ngokuthi icala elikhokhisayo elingelona elenziwe.
Umehluko phakathi kwama-electron aqondile nalawo asondele kuwo womabili ama-athomu enza ukuthi i-molecule yamanzi ibe yi-polar molecule. Okungukuthi, i-molecule inengxenye ngesigxobo esingesihle nenye ingxenye enesigxobo esihle. Yize yonke i-molecule ingathathi hlangothi, kuvela kulo mlingiswa osezindaweni ezibandayo lapho kutholakala khona zonke izici zayo ze-physicochemical and biological.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule
Lapho ama-molecule amaningi asondelene kakhulu ayakwazi ukusungula ukudonsa phakathi kwama-athomu e-oksijeni wama-molecule ngokwahlukana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-oksijeni inenkokhiso engemihle engemihle kanti enye yama-hydrogen inenhlawulo ethile engaphelele. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye enhle yemolekyuli eyodwa yamanzi idonswa engxenyeni engemihle yelinye i-molecule yamanzi. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana phakathi kwama-molecule lubizwa njengomthombo we-hydrogen. Kwenzeka kakhulu kula ma-molecule kwazise ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi i-molecule ngayinye yamanzi iyakwazi ukuzihlanganisa nama-molecule amane ngaphezulu. Lolu hlobo lokuxhumana lwenzeka neqhwa.
Izibopho eziphakathi kwama-hydrogens zenzeka ngenxa yokuthi kukhona i-athomu enenkokhiso engemihle engakhokhelwa kanye ne-hydrogen enekhokhiso enhle engaphelele. Lokhu kwenza izixhumanisi zingafani namanzi kuphela. Lezi zibopho zokuxhumana nazo zenzeka ku-nitrogen, i-fluorine, ne-hydrogen kwamanye ama-molecule aqukethe amaprotheni ne-DNA.
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo ze-physicochemical ye-molecule yamanzi. Phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo nezimpawu singagqamisa amandla kanye ne-solvent. Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi amanzi abhekwa njenge-solvent yonke. Esinye isici se-molecule yamanzi ukushisa kwayo okuphezulu nokushisa kwayo kwe-vaporization. Ibuye ibe nokubumbana okuhle nokunamathela, ukuminyana okungajwayelekile, futhi isebenze njenge-reagent yamakhemikhali.
Uma sisebenzisa izakhiwo zamanzi siyabona ukuthi iyakwazi ukuhlakaza inani elikhulu lama-compounds ngaphakathi kwalo ngenxa yohlamvu lwayo lwe-polar. Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, yize yonke i-molecule ingathathi hlangothi, iqiniso lokuthi linengxenye enhle nengxenye engemihle yilokho Inikeza izakhiwo ze-physicochemical lapho amanzi adingeka khona empilweni. Ngakho-ke, isebenza ngosawoti nezinye izinto ze-ionic lapho i-molecule yamanzi iqondisa khona izingongolo zayo. Lokhu kuqondiswa kwezigxobo kunikezwa njengokusebenza kwamacala ama-ioni amabili, ukubeka isigxobo esibi ngakolunye uhlangothi nesigxobo esihle kwesinye. Isibonelo, ngezinto ezibandayo ezifana ne-ethanol, amanzi enza ngendlela efanayo. Iphikisana nesigxobo esisodwa ngokumelene nesinye ngophawu oluphambene lwento.
Izici zemolekyuli yamanzi
I-molecule yamanzi inokushisa okuphezulu okuphezulu. Lokhu kushisa okuqondile akuyona into engaphezu kwenani lokushisa okudingeka ukuthi linikezwe igremu lamanzi ukuze likwazi ukukhuphula izinga lokushisa kwalo ngezinga elilodwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinokushisa kwe-vaporization. Leli inani lomhwamuko okufanele lisetshenziswe kugramu loketshezi ukuze lidlulele kugremu lomhwamuko. Siyazi ukuthi i-molecule yamanzi inokushisa okuphezulu nokushisa okuphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yamabhuloho ajoyina ama-athomu e-hydrogen. Lokho wukuthi, ukuze kukhushulwe izinga lokushisa kwamanzi ngezinga elilodwa, wonke ama-molecule adinga ukukhulisa ukudlidlizela kwawo. Ukuze benze lokhu, baphula izibopho ze-hydrogen ukuze bakwazi ukudlulisa igremu lamanzi angamanzi ku-gram yamanzi esisi.
Iqiniso lokuthi linenani eliphakeme lokushisa kwe-vaporization kungenxa yokuthi liyakwazi ukudlula. Esinye isici se-molecule yamanzi ukubumbana. Umbuzo ukuthambekela kokuthi ama-molecule amabili kufanele abe munye. Siyabonga futhi kuma-hydrogen bond we-molecule yamanzi, ukuhlangana kuphezulu. Ukuqongelela kuyinto ukuthambekela kwama-molecule amabili ahlukene ukuzwana. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi i-molecule yamanzi ibe nokunamathela okuphezulu kuma-compounds ayi-ionic ne-polar. Lesi isicelo esenzeka lapho kwenzeka ukuthi amanzi anamathela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-molecule yamanzi.