Emkhakheni wekhemistri sinezinto ezenzeka phakathi kwamakhemikhali nama-athomu. Namuhla sizokhuluma nge i-hydrolysis. I-Hydrolysis uhlobo lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okungenzeka phakathi kwama-molecule angaphili kanye nama-organic noma ama-ion. Isici esiyinhloko se-hydrolysis ukuthi kuhilela ukubamba iqhaza kwamanzi ukuze izibopho ziphume.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nokubaluleka kwe-hydrolysis emkhakheni wamakhemikhali.
Yini i-hydrolysis
Sikhuluma ngohlobo lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okungenzeka phakathi kwama-molecule we-organic kanye nezinto ezingaphili. Isimo esibalulekile ukuthi kumele amanzi abandakanywe ukuze akwazi ziphula izibopho zala ma-molecule. Igama elithi hydrolysis livela ku-Greek hydro, okusho ukuthi amanzi naku-lysis, okusho ukudabuka. Kuhunyushwe ngesimo, i-hydrolysis ingaziwa njengokuwohloka kwamanzi. Kulokhu, sikhuluma ngokugqashuka kwezibopho zamanye ama-reactants ngokubamba iqhaza kwamanzi.
I-molecule yamanzi yakhiwe ngama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ne-athomu eyodwa yomoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yale nhlanganisela yama-athomu, kwakhiwa ukulingana phakathi kwama-ion kasawoti wama-asidi abuthakathaka nezisekelo. Ama-acid nezisekelo ziyimiqondo evela ezifundweni ezijwayelekile zamakhemikhali kanye ne-chemistry yokuhlaziya. I-Hydrolysis kungathiwa ingenye yezindlela ezilula zamakhemikhali ezenzeka laphaya. I-equation ejwayelekile ye-hydrolysis imi kanje:
AB + H2O = AH + B-OH
Kunezibonelo eziningana ze-hydrolysis lapho amanzi noma ngokwawo engakwazi ukwephula isibopho esithile se-covalent. Siyakhumbula ukuthi isibopho esihlanganayo singesinye lapho ama-molecule amaningi anezici ezingezona ezensimbi ahlangana ndawonye ukwakha enye i-molecule entsha. Isibopho esibajoyinayo saziwa njenge-covalent bond. Lapho amanzi eyedwa engakwazi ukwephula lesi sibopho, inqubo iyasheshiswa noma ikhuthazwe yi-acidification noma i-alkalization yendlela. Okusho ukuthi, lapho kukhona ion, i-hydrolysis ingavuselelwa. Futhi ukuthi kukhona ama-enzyme akwazi ukuvuselela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwe-hydrolysis.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izici nokuthi i-hydrolysis iqukethe ini. Lolu hlobo lokuphendula luthatha indawo ekhethekile uma kukhulunywa ngama-biomolecule. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi izibopho ezigcina ama-monomers ama-molecule ndawonye ziba sengozini ye-hydrolyzing ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Okusho ukuthi, izibopho ezihlanganayo lapho ama-molecule anamathiselwe khona zingaphulwa lapho kukhona amanzi. Isibonelo salokhu ushukela. Ishukela likwazi ukwenza i-hydrolyzing ukudiliza ama-polysaccharides abe yi-monosaccharides. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yesenzo sama-enzyme aziwa ngokuthi ama-glucosidases.
Kumele kucatshangwe ukuthi akuyona i-molecule kuphela i-substrate ephula isibopho. Amanzi ngokwawo aqhekeka futhi ekugcineni ahlukanise ama-ion. Ukuqhekeka kwamanzi ku-H + naku-OH-, lapho i-H + iphela ngo-A, no-OH no-B. AB ngaleyo ndlela iphendula ngemolekyuli yamanzi, okwenza imikhiqizo emibili, i-AH ne-B-OH.
Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi i-hydrolysis iyindlela yokusabela yamakhemikhali ephikisana nokuncipha. Ukusuka ekubumbeni, imikhiqizo emibili ijoyina ngokukhulula i-molecule encane. Le molecule encane ingamanzi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ku-hydrolysis kudliwa i-molecule, ngenkathi kufingqiwe le molekyuli ye-electrolysis iyadliwa, ikhishwe noma ikhiqizwe.
Ukwenza kube lula ukuqondakala, sizophinda sichaze isibonelo sikashukela futhi. Ake sicabange ukuthi i-AB iyi-sucrose dimer. Kulokhu i-A imelela i-glucose kuthi i-B imele i-fructose. Lesi sibopho, esaziwa ngegama le-glycosidic, singafakwa i-hydrolyzed ukunikela ngama-monosaccharides amabili ahlukene nesisombululo. Okufanayo kwenzeka ngama-oligosaccharides nama-polysaccharides uma ama-enzyme kuyilapho esebenza ekuphenduleni.
Siyazi ukuthi lokhu kusabela kwamakhemikhali kunendlela eyodwa kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi luhlobo lwe-hydrolysis engalungiseki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis okubuyiselwa emuva lapho kufinyelelwa ukulingana.
Izibonelo zokuphendula kwe-hydrolysis
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izibonelo eziyinhloko ze-hydrolysis ezenzeka ngokwemvelo. Okokuqala ukubona ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis kwe-ATP. Siyazi ukuthi le molecule inamanani we-pH azinzile phakathi kuka-6.8 no-7.4. Kodwa-ke, uma amanani we-pH enyuka abe yi-alkaline ethe xaxa, angakwazi ukufaka i-hydrolyze ngokuzenzekelayo. Ezidalweni eziphilayo, i-hydrolysis ikhuthazwa ngama-enzyme aziwa ngegama le-ATPases. Luhlobo lwempendulo yamakhemikhali exergonic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukungena kwe-ADP kukhulu kune-ATP, ngakho ukuhluka kwamandla mahhala kwenzeka nge-hydrolysis ye-ATP. Lolu hlobo lwe-hydrolysis lisebenzisa ukusabela okuningi kwe-endergonic.
Ukusabela okuhlanganisiwe kungenye indlela yokuphendula lapho kwenzeka khona i-hydrolysis. Kwezinye izimo kusetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwenhlanganisela A ibe yinkompo B. Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu se-hydrolysis ngokwemvelo senzeka emanzini. Kunjengokungathi elinye lama-molecule wamanzi lingahle liqhekeke libe ama-ion bese kuthi ama-hydrogen proton aboshwe nge-athomu ye-oksijini yelinye i-molecule yamanzi. Lokhu kuphakamisa i-hydronium ion. Kungabizwa ngaphezu kwe-hydrolysis njenge-autoionization noma i-autoprotolysis yamanzi.
Ekugcineni, enye yezingxenye lapho lokhu kusabela kwenziwa ngendlela ejwayelekile emaprotheni. Siyazi ukuthi amaprotheni angama-molecule azinzile futhi ukufeza i-hydrolysis ephelele, izimo ezimbi kakhulu ziyadingeka. Siyakhumbula ukuthi amaprotheni akhiwe ngama-amino acid. Kodwa-ke, izidalwa eziphilayo zinikezwe i-arsenal yama-enzyme avumela i-hydrolysis yamaprotheni kuma-amino acid ku-duodenum.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-hydrolysis nezici zayo.